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abstract multiphase systems including multiphase generators or motors, especially five-phase, offer improved performance compared to three-phase counterpart. five-phase generators could generate power in applications such as, but not limited to, wind power generation, electric vehicles, aerospace, and oil and gas. the five-phase generator output requires converter system such as ac-dc converters. this chapter introduces the basic construction and performance analysis for uncontrolled/controlled five-phase line commutated rectifier guided by numerical examples. this rectifier is suitable for wind energy applications to be the intermediate stage between five-phase generator and dc load or inverter stage. the filtration for ac side and effects of source inductances are detailed in other references. here, this chapter gives the reader a quick idea about the analysis and performance of multiphase line commutated rectifiers and specifically five phase. keywords five phasemultiphase generatorswind turbinecontrolled and uncontrolled rectifiersac-dc convertersline commutated rectifiers author information show + play remaining time -1:51 unmute × 1. introduction nowadays, energy generation using renewable energy sources is considered as contemporary issue. many countries are experiencing economic pressures because of the reduction in oil prices. moreover, energy that is produced by burning fossil fuels is mainly responsible for the global air pollution problem, and consequently, it is not environmentally friendly. as a consequence, many countries are impelled to concentrate on renewable energy sources including generation, management, and planning. renewable energy share, of the total energy consumption by the end of 2016, is 24.5% where it was 3.3% in 2010 [1]. this number is tremendously increasing each year. accordingly, most research institutes foster research in the energy sector to go to clean and green energy generation. from renewable energy sources, wind energy is considered to be a pillar using appropriate generator. by the end of 2016, 29 countries have more than 1 gw in operation from wind energy, and the total capacity generated for the world is 487 gw. only in 2016 a 23.4 gw is added due to wind energy generation [1]. incontrovertibly, wind power becomes a big industry and a big topic for research. it includes mechanical parts and electrical parts. accordingly, a generator that converts wind mechanical power to electrical power is a must. but, the power generated using wind turbines is not constant and could fluctuate. also, the load profile fluctuates with respect to time. to accomplish this, specially designed power systems for meeting these demands are built which can feed these drastic load changes. in all cases, the generator output voltage should be rectified. owing to the numerous advantages when compared to its three-phase counterpart such as high fault-tolerant capability, five-phase direct-drive permanent magnet generators are a key area of focus in power generation with renewable and wind energy systems [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. hence, the generator output requires a converter, such as an ac-dc rectifier, to match load requirements. rectifiers are broadly classified into two types, namely, line-commutated rectifiers (lcrs) and power factor control rectifiers. lcrs are either uncontrolled (using diodes) or controlled (using thyristors). this type of rectifiers operates on power frequency or generated frequency and has the advantages of simple construction and low cost. in a controlled lcr, the dc-link voltage can be controlled by adjusting the firing angle, thus facilitating high power capability, easy control, and a simple gating system [7, 8]. however, lcrs still have a low input power factor, high input current total harmonic distortion (thd), and unidirectional current flow [9, 10]. to address such problems, power factor control rectifiers, which operate at a high switching frequency, such as pulse-width modulated (pwm) rectifiers are used where the filter size for pwm rectifiers is smaller owing to the higher switching frequencies [9, 11, 12]. however, one of the main drawbacks of using pwm rectifiers is the limitation of the switch current and voltage, which restricts the use of such rectifiers in high-power-scale applications [3, 5, 13, 14]. this chapter introduces uncontrolled/controlled line-commutated five-phase rectifier as we target high-power wind energy applications. the study includes the analysis of both ac side and dc side. moreover, the gating signal generation is introduced. the study includes ideal source to represent the pm generator. effect of source inductance and filtration of ac side are introduced in refs. [3, 5]. advertisement 2. five-phase source the phase voltage of the five-phase source, which is the output of the five-phase generator, can be written as vjn=vph_maxsin(ωt−2πk5) e1 where j represents phases a, b, c, d, and e, respectively, and k equals 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. the five-phase source has two line voltages (adjacent and nonadjacent) [3, 5]. the line voltages can be calculated using phasor diagram shown in figure 1. figure 1. phasor diagram for five-phase source: (a) line voltage for adjacent phases and (b) line voltage for nonadjacent phases. the line voltage for adjacent phases has amplitude 1.1756 vph_max and leads to the phase voltage by 54°; see figure 1a. the line voltage for nonadjacent phases has amplitude 1.902 vph_max and leads to the phase voltage by 18°; see figure 1b. example 1: for a 200 v (peak value-phase voltage) five-phase source, calculate and plot the phase and line voltage waveforms. figure 2. phase voltage, adjacent line voltage, and non-adjacent line voltage. solution phase voltages are va=200sin(ωt),vb=200sin(ωt−2π5),vc=200sin(ωt−4π5),vd=200sin(ωt+4π5),ve=200sin(ωt+2π5)v figure 2 shows the line voltages for adjacent and non-adjacent phase voltages. the line voltage for adjacent phases is vab=200∗1.1756sin(ωt+3π10)=235.12sin(ωt+3π10)v the line voltage for nonadjacent phases is vac=200∗1.902sin(ωt+π10)=380.4sin(ωt+π10)v advertisement 3. uncontrolled five-phase rectifier the five-phase uncontrolled rectifier is shown in figure 3. it consists of 10 diodes where the load is fed from five-phase half wave connection, five switches d1–d5, and return path being via another half wave connection, five switches d6–d10, to one of the five supply lines. figure 3. five-phase uncontrolled line commutated rectifier. the load voltage or output dc voltage can be calculated by the addition of the two five-phase half-wave voltages, relative to the supply neutral point n, appearing at the positive and negative sides of the load, respectively. the voltage is 10 pulses in nature having its maximum instantaneous value of that of line voltages for nonadjacent phases and leads the phase voltage by π/10. the load voltage follows in turn 10 sinusoidal voltages during one cycle, those being vac, vad, vbd, vbe, vce, vca, vda, vdb, veb, and vec. the average voltage can be calculated with the aid of figure 4. the repeated period accommodates 36° and the limits are −18° to +18°. figure 4. the load voltage limits. the average or mean load voltage can be calculated as vmean=1π/5⎡⎣∫−π10π101.902vph_maxcosωtdωt⎤⎦ e2 vmean=1.87vph_max e3 the waveform of supply voltage (phase voltage), positive voltage with respect to neutral (vp), negative voltage with respect to neutral (vn), load voltage, diode 1 voltage, diode 1 current, and supply current are shown in figure 5 parts ‘a’ to ‘e’. the peak reverse voltage for one diode is the line voltage of nonadjacent phases and as indicated in figure 5c. figure 5. five-phase uncontrolled rectifier waveforms: (a) supply voltage, positive voltage with respect to neutral vpn, and negative voltage with respect to neutral vnn, (b) output voltage waveform, (c) diode 1 current, (d) diode 1 current, and (e) supply current for phase ‘a’. the ripple voltage for dc side is %voltageripple=maximumvalue−minimumvaluevmean∗100 e4 the dc-side harmonics are generated at 10kf, where f is the fundamental frequency of the ac source or generated power frequency and k equals (1, 2, 3, etc.). the lowest order harmonic represents 2.1% of the average dc value as shown in figure 6. figure 6. harmonic spectrum for load voltage percentage of average dc value. the supply current is a quasi-square wave in its nature as shown in figure 4e. the load current is constant as the load is considered highly inductive. switch current operates for only 2π/5 from one cycle; accordingly, the switch average current can be calculated as in eq. (5) which represents 20% of the dc-link current. iav_switch=12π⎡⎣⎢∫3π107π10idcdωt⎤⎦⎥=0.2idc e5 this means five-phase rectifier could have switches with lower ratings than three-phase counterpart which feed the same load as the average value of switch current in three-phase system is 33.3% [8, 15]. part ‘e’ in figure 5 shows that supply current is a quasi-square wave where input current comprises 2π/5 alternating polarity blocks, with each phase displaced to others by 2π/5. the input phase current can be expressed as [5, 8, 11, 15]. is(t)=∑n=1,3,5,…∞4idcnπsinnπ5sin(nωt) e6 substituting n = 5 (or any odd multiple of 5) into eq. (6) results in is5(t) = 0. the fundamental input current (n = 1) is is1(t)=0.7484idcsin(ωt) e7 and rms value of fundamental current is is1=0.529idc e8 the rms value of supply current is calculated as is=1π∫3π10/7π10/i2dcdωt−−−−−−−−−−−⎷=25−−√idc=0.6324idc e9 the harmonic contents of the supply current normalized to the fundamental component (isn/is1) are shown in figure 7. the harmonic factor (hfn) is defined as hfn%=isnis1∗100 e10 figure 7. supply current spectrum normalized to the fundamental component. example 2: a 240 v, 50 hz, five-phase uncontrolled rectifier is connected to highly inductive load and takes 25 a. calculate: average load voltage the value of lowest order harmonic in dc side maximum and minimum dc side voltage and voltage ripple the root mean square value of supply current the root mean square value of the supply current fundamental the third, fifth, and seventh harmonic factors for supply current solution figure 8 shows the load voltage and supply voltage for the uncontrolled rectifier when the supply voltage has phase and rms value of 240 v. the average voltage is calculated using eq. (3): vmean=1.87vph_max=1.87∗240∗2–√=634.7v the value of lowest harmonic of dc-side voltage is 2.1% of average dc value and occurs at 10 times the supply voltage frequency, i.e. 500 hz: lowestorderharmonic=0.021∗634.7=13.32v the maximum voltage in dc side is the peak value of line voltage for nonadjacent phases: vmax=1.902vph_max=1.902∗2402–√=645.5v figure 8. phase voltages and load voltage. the minimum voltage in dc side is the value of line voltage for nonadjacent phases at angle 18°: vmax=1.902vph_maxcos18=613.96v the percentage of ripple voltage can be calculated using eq. (4): %voltageripple=maximumvalue−minimumvaluevmean∗100=645.6−613.96634.7∗100=4.98% the rms of supply current is calculated using eq. (9): is=0.6324idc=15.81a the root mean square value of supply current fundamental is calculated using eq. (8): is1=0.529idc=0.529∗25=13.225a the third harmonic of supply current represents 53.9% of the fundamental = 7.13 a: the fifth harmonic of supply current = 0. the seventh harmonic of supply current represents 23.1% of the fundamental = 3.05 a. example 3: a highly inductive dc load requires 100 a at 475 v. give design details for the diode requirement using uncontrolled five-phase full-wave rectifier. solution the required load voltage is 475 v; hence the supply voltage can be calculated using eq. (3): vmean=1.87vph_max=475=1.87vph_max∴vph_max=254v the required rms value of phase voltage is 179.6 ≅ 180 v. the line voltage of nonadjacent phases is vl=1.902vph_max=1.902∗179.6∗2–√=483v hence, the peak reverse voltage is 483 v. hence, each diode should withstand maximum voltage of 483 v and 100 a. advertisement 4. fully controlled five-phase rectifier the five-phase fully controlled rectifier is similar to the uncontrolled rectifier, but it has 10 thyristors instead of diodes as shown in figure 9. the challenge with five-phase controlled rectifier is gating signal generation where the development and implementation of gating signals algorithm use nonadjacent line voltages. delaying the commutation of thyristors for a certain firing delay angle ‘α’ controls the mean load voltage. figure 9. five-phase controlled line commutated rectifier. figure 1 illustrates how to get dc-load voltage or mean voltage from five-phase source using five-phase controlled rectifier. figure 10a shows the phase voltages, positive voltage with respect to neutral point, and negative voltage with respect to neutral point. figure 10b shows the gating signals for the small firing angle α. the load voltage or output voltage can be calculated by the addition of the two five-phase half-wave voltages, relative to the supply neutral point n, appearing at the positive and negative sides of the load, respectively. as shown in figure 10c, the voltage is 10 pulses in nature, labeled from ‘1’ to ‘10’ like uncontrolled rectifier. when va is the most positive phase that the thyristor, t1 conducts (t1–t5 are connected to the positive terminals, and t6–t10 are connected to negative terminals), and during this period, vc is the most negative with thyristor t8, conducting until vd becomes more negative, when the current in t8 commutates to t9. the next firing pulse will be to thyristor t9, and t1 is still conducting until phase b has the most positive value and is fired by g2, where t9 is still conducting, and so forth. the load voltage follows, in turn, with 10 sinusoidal voltages during one cycle, those being vac, vad, vbd, vbe, vce, vca, vda, vdb, veb, and vec. for the period labeled ‘1’ in figure 9c, phase a is the most positive and conducting, when g1 is applied to t1, while at the same time, phase c is conducted when g8 is applied to t8. consequently, the load voltage (vac = va − vc) is plotted with respect to the reference of the intersection point between phase a and phase c. phase c is commutated with phase d for the period labeled ‘2’, and thus, the load voltage is (vad = va − vd) and plotted with respect to the reference of the intersection point between phase a and phase d, where the load voltage, in turn, follows the phase voltage. figure 10d and e shows currents in t1 and t6, respectively. figure 10f shows the supply current of phase ‘a’, which is the addition of t1 and t6 currents. the supply current is a quasi-square wave in nature. the supply current, the rms value of supply current, and rms value of fundamental supply current are identical to the uncontrolled rectifier case as given by eqs. (7)–(10). figure 10g shows the voltage across t1 which can be explained using figure 11. the period is labeled by ‘2’ (figure 10g) and shows that the voltage across the thyristor is near zero, owing to decrease in the thyristor voltage, while the period labeled by ‘3’ (figure 10g) shows that the voltage across t1 can be calculated as vba, which has a maximum value of 1.1756vph_max, and the waveform reference point is the intersection between phases a and b. this period is explained using figure 11a. the period label in 4 (figure 10) is explained with the aid of figure 11b.the switch has a constraint design that it should withstand during the off periods’ peak reverse voltage (prv) of 1.902vph_max (line voltage for nonadjacent phases). figure 10. five-phase rectifier waveforms: (a) supply voltage, positive voltage with respect to neutral vpn, and negative voltage with respect to neutral vnn, (b) gating signals for firing angle α°, (c) output voltage waveform, (d) thyristor 1 current, (e) thyristor 6 current, (f) supply current for phase ‘a’, and (g) thyristor 1 voltage. figure 11. circuits calculates voltage across switch t1: (a) equivalent circuit for the period labeled 3 in figure 10g and (b) equivalent circuit for the period labeled 4 in figure 10g. the mean load voltage can be evaluated with the aid of figures 10c and 12 where it shows one pulse of the output load voltage: figure 12. one pulse of the load voltage for uncontrolled five-phase rectifier. vmean=12π10/∫−π10+απ10+α1.902vph_maxcos(ωt)dωt e11 vmean=1.87vph_maxcos(α) e12 the angle between the fundamental input current and fundamental input phase voltage, ϕ, is called the displacement angle. the displacement factor is defined as [3, 5, 16]. dpf=cosϕ1=cos(α) e13 the supply power factor is defined as the ratio of the supply power delivered p to apparent supply power s [16]: pf=ps e14 in the case of non-sinusoidal current and voltage, the active input power to the converter delivered by the five-phase source (e.g. output of wind turbine generator) is pin=52π∫02πvs1(t)is1(t)dωt=5vs1is1cosϕ1 e15 where vs1 and is1 are the rms values of the fundamental components of the input phase voltage and current, respectively. the apparent power is given by s=5vs−rmsis−rms e16 where vs-rms and is-rms are the rms values of the input phase voltage and current, respectively. the displacement factor (dpf) of the fundamental current was obtained in eq. (13). by substituting (13), (15), and (16) into (14), the power factor can be expressed as pf=vs1is1cosϕ1vs−rmsis−rms e17 if the source is pure sinusoidal supply vs1 = vs-rms. the output power (load power) can be calculated using pout=1t∫0tv(t)i(t)dt=vmeanimean e18 the efficiency is η=poutpin e19 the total harmonic distortion, thd, is given by [3, 5, 15] thd=i2s−i2s1√is1 e20 for a five-phase rectifier, the thd is 65.5%. example 4: a five-phase fully controlled rectifier is fed from 220 v (phase value), 50 hz ac source. the dc load is highly inductive and requires 100 a at 475 v. give design details for the thyristor requirement and the required firing angle. what is maximum dc load voltage that the converter can deliver to the load? solution the required load voltage is 475 v and the supply voltage is 220 v. the firing angle can be calculated using eq. (12): vmean=1.87vph_maxcosα=475=1.87∗200∗2–√cosα∴cosα=0.8998∴α=26.1∘ the peak line voltage of nonadjacent phases is vl=1.902vph_max=1.902∗220∗2–√=591.8v hence, the peak reverse voltage is ≅592 v. hence, each thyristor should withstand maximum voltage of 592 v and 100 a. the maximum possible dc load voltage is when α is adjusted to zero: vmean=1.87vph_max=1.87∗220∗2–√=581.8v example 5: a five-phase fully controlled rectifier is fed from 230 v (phase value), 15 hz ac source. the load is 45 Ω resistance and 1 h inductance (highly inductive load). calculate for firing angle 36°, the converter power factor. simulate your converter. solution the mean load voltage is vmean=1.87vph_maxcosα=1.87∗230∗2–√cos36=492v the load current is imean=vmeanr=49225=19.68Ω from eq. (8), the rms value for fundamental supply current is 10.41 a. the angle of fundamental current is the firing angle. from eq. (9), the rms value of supply current is 12.44 a. the power factor is calculated using eq. (17): pf=vs1is1cosϕ1vs−rmsis−rms=230∗10.41∗cos(36)230∗12.44=0.677 the load voltage and supply current are shown in figure 13. it should be noted that as the firing angle is 36°, the load voltage shown in figure 13a starts for phase ‘a’ at 90° which equals 54°, the intersection point between two adjacent phases, and 36° which is the firing angle. the supply current for phase ‘a’ is shown in figure 13b
1 - في الوقت الحاضر، يعتبر توليد الطاقة باستخدام مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مسألة معاصرة. تعاني العديد من البلدان من ضغوط اقتصادية بسبب انخفاض أسعار النفط. علاوة على ذلك، فإن الطاقة التي يتم إنتاجها عن طريق حرق الوقود الأحفوري هي المسؤولة بشكل أساسي عن مشكلة تلوث الهواء العالمية، وبالتالي فهي ليست صديقة للبيئة. ونتيجة لذلك، تضطر العديد من البلدان إلى التركيز على مصادر الطاقة المتجددة بما في ذلك التوليد والإدارة
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