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google zaleplon is a hypnotic which is drug that has the ability to cause sleep. it is indicated for use in patients that have difficulty falling asleep and is not indented to treat those who have difficulty staying asleep or who wake too early. it is different in chemical structure from benzodiazepines but acts at the same receptors in the brain as benzodiazepines. while benzodiazepines are used primarily in the treatment of anxiety, zaleplon and similar drugs are used almost exclusively for the treatment of insomnia. in the united states and many other countries, zaleplon is marketed as sonata by king pharmaceuticals. in canada, zaleplon was sold under the brand name starnoc however it was taken from the market; the reasons for this discontinuation are not clear. zaleplon is available in some countries as hegon, zalep, zaplon, or zerene. the patent on sonata began to expire on june 6, 2008 and king pharmaceuticals does not have exclusivity as listed in the fda’s orange book. more on zaleplon. sonata is available in 5 mg and 10 mg dosages; however, physicians sometimes prescribe a 20 mg treatment (two 10 mg capsules). clinical safety studies were conducted using doses as high as 60 mg. zaleplon is indicated for short term treatment of insomnia, that is, insomnia that is corrected by seven to ten days of treatment. the fda has approved use of zaleplon for up to 30 days. zaleplon is known to cause cns depression and its affects are relatively rapid. zaleplon causes sedation and sleep within one hour of administration therefore it should only be taken before bed and never before any activity that requires alertness. like benzodiazepines, alcohol use can potentiate the cns depressant effects and alcohol should not be consumed while taking zaleplon. of note, zaleplon is potentially habit forming and dependency may occur. once the drug is discontinued, one may experience rebound insomnia simply because the medicine has been taken away. because of its sedative and euphoric effects, zaleplon may be abused i.e. used for non-medical, illegal reasons. nih information on zaleplon zolpidem zolpidem is sedative-hypnotic medicine that is used to treat short-term insomnia. its chemical structure is different than benzodiazepines but exerts its sedative affect by acting on so-called benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. zolpidem does not have the same disruptive effects on sleep as benzodiazepines. zolpidem is marketed in the united states as ambien but is known commercially by many other names worldwide. (the guardian reports that 5.3 million people in england alone take zolpidem.) ambien is available as 5 mg and 10 mg tablets and the maximum and usual treatment dose is 10 mg. this medication should not be taken with alcohol as excessive cns depression can occur. there is also a potential for dependence and abuse with zolpidem. the most common side effects were headache, sleepiness and dizziness. a less common side effect is the "zombie" effect - unusual behavior while asleep. ambien is sold by sanofi aventis although at least 13 companies manufacture and sell a generic version of the rapid-acting form of zolpidem. sanofi aventis has extended the commercial viability of this drug by patenting and selling a cr or controlled release formulation. the cr formulation combines both a rapid-acting form and a slow-release form in a layered pill. according to the manufacturers, this allows a person suffering from insomnia to achieve sleep, from the rapid-acting component, and stay asleep, from the slow-acting component. importantly, the chemical structure of the drug is the same in both the fast and slow layers, however the slow release layer contains a proprietary mixture of inactive ingredients that delays absorption and prolongs the hypnotic effect. ambien cr is available in 6.25 and 12.5 mg strengths. nih information on zolpidem. triazolam triazolam is related in structure to benzodiazepines but is of a slightly different class than classic benzodiazepines such as ativan and valium. despite this subtle structural difference, triazolam achieves its biological effect by acting at benzodiazepine receptors in various regions of brain. triazolam is indicated for the short term treatment of insomnia and should not be used for longer than three consecutive weeks. in clinical studies, triazolam was able to decrease sleep latency (you get to sleep faster), increase the duration of sleep and decrease the number of times people with insomnia wake during the night. triazolam was originally branded as halcion; however there is no longer patent protection or exclusivity on this brand. it is still manufactured and sold as halcion by pharmacia and upjohn yet generic versions exist. triazolam is available in 0.125 and 0.25 mg tablets and a single dose of either strength is usually sufficient for uncomplicated insomnia. the maximum dose per day should not exceed 0.5 mg. caution should be taken in elderly patients and they should receive lower doses. the most common side effects were drowsiness, headache, dizziness/lightheadedness, difficulty with coordination and nausea/vomiting. ramelteon ramelteon was introduced as rozerem by takeda pharmaceuticals north america. rozerem is indicated for treatment of the type of insomnia that is interferes with sleep onset. ramelteon is rather unique among commonly prescribed sleep aids in that it is unrelated to benzodiazepines in both its chemical structure and its mechanism of action. rozerem binds with high affinity (strongly) to two of the three main melatonin receptors in the brain. melatonin is a hormone that is present naturally in humans. melatonin is also available without a prescription as an otc sleep aid. according to takeda, rozerem’s affinity and selectivity for specific melatonin receptors make it a more effective sleep aid and less likely to cause side effects than non-prescription melatonin. because it does not interact with benzodiazepine receptors, ramelteon is essentially without risk of abuse and is therefore not a controlled substance. clinical studies have shown that ramelteon does not cause physical dependence or rebound insomnia. ramelteon is available in 8 mg tablets though it occasionally prescribed as two 8 mg tablets to be taken 30 thirty minutes prior to the desired onset of sleep. the most common side effects are drowsiness and dizziness. more on ramelteon. ramelteon is under patent to takeda until march 6, 2017. eszopiclone eszopiclone is marketed as lunesta by sepracor inc. for the treatment of insomnia. lunesta is under patent until 2012 with exclusivity until december 15, 2009. eszopiclone is available in 1, 2 and 3 mg film-coated tablets. the precise mechanism of action of eszopiclone as a hypnotic is unknown, but it most likely interacts with benzodiazepine receptors. because of this interaction, eszopiclone is a controlled substance and there is potential for abuse of the drug. unlike zaleplon, zolpidem and triazolam which are only prescribed for up to three to four weeks, lunesta has been approved by the fda for long term use (greater than six months). long-term trials showed that lunesta did not cause tolerance meaning that patients did not need larger doses to obtain the same effect. lunesta is touted as superior to competing medications since it not only initiates sleep but also prevents nighttime waking. the most common side effects of lunesta include an unpleasant taste or dry mouth, dizziness, headache, cold symptoms and drowsiness. serious side effects of eszopiclone, while rare, include sleep walking/driving, abnormal thoughts, memory loss, anxiety and allergic reactions. these rare and serious side effecttransleter
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