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natural deep eutectic solvent (nades) bio-based deep eutectic solvents made up of two or more molecules that are typically plant-based primary metabolites i.e., organic acids, sugars, alcohols, amines, and amino acids. it is simple, efficient, and meets many criteria as greener alternative to conventional solvents and can be reusable, recyclable, easy to decompose, less toxic, non-volatile, stable at higher temperature, cost-effective, etc. nades is suitable replacement for traditional organic solvents due to high stability and solubility. kenaf fibre (kf) the most abundant, popular crop found in tropical countries, such as bangladesh, india, malaysia, indonesia, south africa, vietnam, and thailand. kenaf is versatile crop that can be grown in variety of climates, it thrives in tropical and temperate regions with plenty of rainfall and sunshine. the aim of this research is to study isolation and characterisation of lignin from nades pretreated kf biomass; effect of nades on properties of microcrystalline cellulose (mcc) isolated from kf; structural, morphological and thermal properties of mcc/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (pbat) films for packaging applications; exploring the potential of lignin extracted with nades for adsorption of co2; and preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose (ncc) extracted from kf with nades. in this study, isolation, and characterisation of lignin from nades pretreated kf biomass was carried out. sem analysis of nades lignin showed smooth and wavy surface as compared to commercial lignin which showed irregular/uneven surfaces. ftir result shows that all samples have almost same set of absorption bands with a slight difference in frequencies. thermal properties showed lignin is constant at higher temperatures due to more branching and extremely condensed aromatic structures. nades pretreated kf further utilized for mcc extraction via bleaching, alkali, and acid hydrolysis process. x-ray diffraction of mcc results revealed stronger crystallinity at 78, thermal stability showed higher decomposition temperature at 233.37 c. besides that, mcc was utilised, different formulations of pbat/mcc films were prepared. the tensile modulus of pbat/mcc films significantly increased with addition of mcc resulting in stiffness of pbat/mcc film. ncc was also extracted using nades. nano-sized needle like structure confirmed by tem analysis. xrd revealed ncc has higher intensity peak at 22.7. the crystallinity of ncc decreased compared with kf bleached pulp due to homogenisation process. in addition, potential of lignin was explored for adsorption of co2. the performance of lignin showed pure co2 maximum adsorption capacity of 75 mg/g at 30 bars. nades lignin exhibited good stability after 10 adsorption/desorption cycles. we concluded from this study that kf biomass successfully utilize for isolation and characterization of lignin, mcc and ncc for various applications using nades. mcc/biopolymer film can be used as potential alternative materials for food packaging, tissue culture, paper, automotive, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications. ncc created by cost-effective nades to generate affordable ncc and possess distinctive potential for sustainable development to boost its efficacy as well as emerge as an ecologically safe and durable material for future. lignin enhances its performance by incorporating porous materials like metal-organic frameworks to develop composite adsorbents with high surface areas and enhanced adsorption capacity.
Last Update: 2023-09-22
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