GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE CONGENERS:

KIF JIĠU STABBILITI L-KONĠENERI VOLATILI BIL-KROMATOGRAFIJA BIL-GASS:

For most PCB congeners sensitivity in nanogram (10- 9 g) range is already sufficient.

Għal ħafna mill-congenes PCB is-sensittività fil-grad nanogramm (10-9 g) hija diġà biżżejjed.

For most PCB congeners sensitivity in the nanogram (10-9 g) range is already sufficient.

Għall-maġġoranza tal-PCB congeners ta' sensittività fil-medda tan-nanogram (10-9 g) hija diġa` suffiċjenti.

12 congeners exhibit toxicological properties to dioxins and are therefore often termed "dioxin-like PCBs".

12-il congener jesebixxu propjetajiet tossikoloġiċi għal dijossini u għalhekk huma ħafna drabi mogħtija t-terminu ta' "PCBs li jixbħu d-dijossini".

Congeners are volatile substances formed along with ethanol during fermentation, distillation and maturation of spirit drinks.

Il-konġeneri huma sustanzi volatili ffurmati flimkien ma’ l-etanol waqt il-fermentazzjoni, id-distillazzjoni u l-maturazzjoni tax-xorb spirituż.

The congeners are separated by temperature programming on a suitable column and are detected using a flame ionisation detector (FID).

Il-konġeneri jiġu mifruda bil-programmazzjoni tat-temperatura fuq kolonna addattata u jinkixfu bl-użu ta’ apparat tal-kxif bil-fjamma għall-jonizzazzjoni (FID).

upper-bound concentrations are calculated assuming that all values of the different congeners less than the limit of determination are equal to the limit of determination.

konċentrazzjonijiet tas-saff ta' fuq jiġu kkalkolati billi wieħed jassumi li l-valuri kollha tad-diversi konġeneri anqas mill-limitu ta'l-identifikazzjoni huma daqs il-limitu ta'l-identifikazzjoni.

Relative response factors should also be determined for those congeners for which no 13C-labelled analogue is added by using appropriate calibration solutions.

Fatturi ta' rispons relattiv għandhom ikunu ddeterminati wkoll għal dawk il-congeners li għalihom l-ebda 13C-labelled analogi ma huwa miżjud bl-użu ta' soluzzjonijiet xierqa ta' kalibrazzjoni.

Relative response factors should also be determined for those congeners for which no 13C-labelled analogue is added by using appropriate calibration solutions.

Fatturi relattivi ta' rispons għandhom jiġu ddeterminati wkoll għal dawk il-congeners li għalihom l-ebda analogu '3C-labelled mhu miżjud billi jintużaw soluzzjonijiet ta' kalibrazzjonixierqa.

Polychlorinated biphenyls, ("PCBs"), are a group of 209 different congeners which can be divided into two groups according to their toxicological properties:

Bifenilijiet poliklorinati ("PCB"), huma grupp ta' 209 congener differenti li jistgħu jitqassmu f'żewġ gruppi skond il-propjetajiet tossikoloġiċi tagħhom:

The term "dioxins" covers a group of 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin ("PCDD") and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofuran ("PCDF") congeners, of which 17 are of toxicological concern.

It-terminu " diossini" jkopri grupp ta' 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin ("PCDD") u 135 konġeniti tal-polychlorinated dibenzofuran ("PCDF"), li minnhom 17 huma ta' inkwiet tossikoloġiku.

Congeners in spirit drinks are determined by direct injection of the spirit drink, or appropriately diluted spirit drink, into a gas chromatography (GC) system.

Il-konġeneri fix-xorb spirituż jiġu stabbiliti bl-injezzjoni diretta tax-xorb spirituż, jew tax-xorb spirituż dilwit kif approprjat, f’sistema ta’ kromatografija bil-gass (GC).

This means that the analytical results relating to all 17 individual dioxin congeners and to the 12 dioxin-like PCB congeners are expressed in terms of a single quantifiable unit:

Dan ifisser li r-riżultati analitiċi li għandhom x'jaqsmu mas-17-il congener tad-dijossinu individwali u t-12-il PCB li jixbħu d-dijossinu huma espressi f'termini ta' unit wieħed kwantifikabbli:

However, for the measurement of the more toxic dioxin-like PCB congeners (in particular non-ortho substituted congeners), the same sensitivity must be reached as for the PCDDs and PCDFs.

B'dana kollu, għall-qies ta' PCB congeners li jixbħu d-diossi ta' tossiċità għolja (partikularment non-ortho substituted congeners), l-istess sensittività għandha tkun milħuqa għall-PCDDs u l-PCDFs.

However, for the measurement of the more toxic dioxin-like PCB congeners (in particular non-ortho substituted congeners), the same sensitivity must be reached as for the PCDDs and PCDFs.

Madankollu, għall-qies tal-iktar congeners tossiċi PCB tat-tip dioxin (b'mod partikolari congeners sostitwiti non-ortho), l-istess sensittività trid tintlaħaq bħalma tintlaħaq għall-PCDDs u l-PCDFs.

In order to be able to sum up the toxicity of these different congeners, the concept of toxic equivalency factors ("TEFs") has been introduced to facilitate risk assessment and regulatory control.

Sabiex tista' tiġi kkalkulata t-tossiċità ta' dawn id-diversi konġeniti, il-konċett tal-fatturi ta' l-ekwivalenza tossika ("TEFs") ġie introdott biex jiġu ffaċilitati l-istima tar-riskju u l-kontroll regolatorju.

In order to be able to sum up the toxicity of these different congeners, the concept of toxic equivalency factors ("TEFs") has been introduced to facilitate risk assessment and regulatory control.

Sabiex ikun jista' jsir kalkolu tat-total tat-tossiċita ta' dawn il-congeners differenti, il-kunċett ta' fatturi tossiċi ta' ekwivalenza ("TEFs") ġie ntrodott sabiex tiġi faċilitaat stima tar-riskju u kontroll regolatorju.

This means that the analytical results relating to all 17 individual dioxin congeners and to the 12 dioxin-like PCB congeners are expressed in terms of a single quantifiable unit: "TCDD toxic equivalent concentration" ("TEQ").

Dan ifisser li r-riżultati analitiċi rigward is-17 il-konġeniti individwali kollha tad-diossina u t-12 il-konġeniti PCBs bħad-diossina huma espressi f'termini ta' entità waħda kwantifikabbli: "TCDD konċentrazzjoni ekwivalenti tossika" ("TEQ").

Emissions of different congeners of PCDD/F are given in toxicity equivalents (TE) in comparison to 2,3,7,8-TCDD using the system proposed by the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO-CCMS) in 1988.

Emissjonijiet ta' klassijiet differenti ta' PCDD/F huma mogħtija f'ekwivalenti ta' tossiċita (TE) meta jiġu mqabblin ma' 2,3,7,8-TCDD permezz ta' l-użu tas-sistema proposta mill-Kumitat fuq ir-Rikużi ta' Soċjeta Moderna tan-NATO (NATO-CCMS) fl-1988.

For gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods a differentiation among various congeners is necessary, such as between toxic (e.g. the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs) and other congeners.

Għall-metodi ta' kromatografija/massa tal-gass spectrometry (GC/MS), differenza fost il-varji congeners hija neċessarja, bħalma hija bejn it-tossiċità (e.g. is-sbatax-il 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs u PCDFs u PCB li jixbħu d-diossini) u congeners oħrajn.