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translate googletopics covered  professional software development  what is meant by software engineering.  software engineering ethics  a brief introduction to ethical issues that affect software engineering.  case studies  an introduction to three examples that are used in later chapters in the book. software engineering  the economies of all developed nations are dependent on software.  more and more systems are software controlled  software engineering is concerned with theories, methods and tools for professional software development.  expenditure on software represents a significant fraction of gnp in all developed countries. software costs  software costs often dominate computer system costs. the costs of software on a pc are often greater than the hardware cost.  software costs more to maintain than it does to develop. for systems with a long life, maintenance costs may be several times development costs.  software engineering is concerned with cost-effective software development. software products  generic products  stand-alone systems that are marketed and sold to any customer who wishes to buy them.  examples – pc software such as graphics programs, project management tools; cad software; software for specific markets such as appointments systems for dentists.  customized products  software that is commissioned by a specific customer to meet their own needs.  examples – embedded control systems, air traffic control software, traffic monitoring systems. product specification  generic products  the specification of what the software should do is owned by the software developer and decisions on software change are made by the developer.  customized products  the specification of what the software should do is owned by the customer for the software and they make decisions on software changes that are required. faq about software engineering 1 question answer what is software? computer programs and associated documentation. software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market. what are the attributes of good software? good software should deliver the required functionality and performance to the user and should be maintainable, dependable and usable. what is software engineering? software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production. what are the fundamental software engineering activities? software specification, software development, software validation and software evolution. what is the difference between software engineering and computer science? computer science focuses on theory and fundamentals; software engineering is concerned with the practicalities of developing and delivering useful software. what is the difference between software engineering and system engineering? system engineering is concerned with all aspects of computer-based systems development including hardware, software and process engineering. software engineering is part of this more general process. faq about software engineering 2 question answer what are the key challenges facing software engineering? coping with increasing diversity, demands for reduced delivery times and developing trustworthy software. what are the costs of software engineering? roughly 60% of software costs are development costs, 40% are testing costs. for custom software, evolution costs often exceed development costs. what are the best software engineering techniques and methods? while all software projects have to be professionally managed and developed, different techniques are appropriate for different types of system. for example, games should always be developed using a series of prototypes whereas safety critical control systems require a complete and analyzable specification to be developed. you can’t, therefore, say that one method is better than another. what differences has the web made to software engineering? the web has led to the availability of software services and the possibility of developing highly distributed servicebased systems. web-based systems development has led to important advances in programming languages and software reuse.
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