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cephalopods are secondary, third or paratenic hosts for trematodes digenea, cestodes and nematodes (hochberg, 1990). those parasites are transmitted to the definitive host: fishes, marine mammals or birds (clarke, 1996; gonzalez et al., 2003). nevertheless, the effects of parasites on growth, reproduction and survival of the cephalopod hosts are still poorly studied (abollo et al., 2001; pascual et al., 1996; 2007).
paratenic
Last Update: 2015-03-19
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