Earlier studies

Kajian Terdahulu

local studies

kajian tempatan

Empirical studies

Empirisisme

This research studies on air pollution and traffic noise in Kajang town

Kajian ini mengkaji tentang pencemaran udara dan bunyi bising trafik di bandar Kajang

results of the study

hasil kajian

Coping capacities of family members living with drug users: A case study in Penang.

staff sy tersilap scan picklist dalam transport release. tolong tukar dari zone local ke outstation

The aim of this study was to determine the socio-demographic, clinical and psychological factors influencing the quality of life (QOL) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).

There are two main approaches to a literature review in psychology. One approach is to choose an area of research, read all the relevant studies, and organize them in a meaningful way. An example of an organizing theme is a conflict or controversy in the area, where you might first discuss the studies that support one side, then discuss the studies that support the other side. Another approach is to choose an organizing theme or a point that you want to make, then select your studies accordingly.

perceived as an element that educates, unifies and preserves tradition, whereas democracy-modernization is seen as the means to improving, developing and above all cr

find a conduvice place a study

limitation of the study

kajian

Linguistics

Linguistik

study

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Tunku's formal education started when he was about six years old at the only Malay elementary school in Alor Setar. His mother had hoped that the school would keep him out of mischief but he often ran away from class. When a small English Medium school was opened by a teacher named Mohamad Iskandar, Tunku's mother sent him there instead. In the afternoon, Tunku was taught to read the Al-Quran. When Tunku's eldest brother, Tunku Yusuf returned to Alor Setar from England, he realised that Tunku was not making any progress in his studies. He decided to take Tunku with him to Bangkok by sea from Singapore in 1913. In Bangkok, Tunku was admitted to the Debsirin School, where lessons were taught in Siamese. Tunku was never lonely because he possessed an unrivaled capacity of making friends with people of all communities. His best friend was Tavil Guptarak. They attended the same school and were inseparable. Tunku Yusuf spent his time on military operations against bandits. In 1915, he contracted pneumonia in the jungle and died on his return to the Siamese capital. Tunku then returned to Kedah accompanied by his brother's widow. In 1916,His mother sent him to study in the Penang Free School. it was here that Tunku began to developed a keen interest in his studies and twice obtained a double promotion. Scholarship

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Tunku's formal education started when he was about six years old at the only Malay elementary school in Alor Setar. His mother had hoped that the school would keep him out of mischief but he often ran away from class. When a small English Medium school was opened by a teacher named Mohamad Iskandar, Tunku's mother sent him there instead. In the afternoon, Tunku was taught to read the Al-Quran. When Tunku's eldest brother, Tunku Yusuf returned to Alor Setar from England, he realised that Tunku was not making any progress in his studies. He decided to take Tunku with him to Bangkok by sea from Singapore in 1913. In Bangkok, Tunku was admitted to the Debsirin School, where lessons were taught in Siamese. Tunku was never lonely because he possessed an unrivaled capacity of making friends with people of all communities. His best friend was Tavil Guptarak. They attended the same school and were inseparable. Tunku Yusuf spent his time on military operations against bandits. In 1915, he contracted pneumonia in the jungle and died on his return to the Siamese capital. Tunku then returned to Kedah accompanied by his brother's widow. In 1916,His mother sent him to study in the Penang Free School. it was here that Tunku began to developed a keen interest in his studies and twice obtained a double promotion. Scholarship

WASHINGTON (AP) - Earth's magnetic field is about to be shaken like a snow globe by the largest solar storm in five years. After hurtling through space for a day and a half, a massive cloud of charged particles is due to arrive early Thursday and could disrupt utility grids, airline flights, satellite networks and GPS services, especially in northern areas. But the same blast also could paint colorful auroras farther from the poles than normal. Scientists say the storm, which started with a massive solar flare early in the week, is growing as it races outward from the sun, expanding like a giant soap bubble. When it strikes early Thursday, the particles will be moving at 4 million mph (6.4 million kph). "It's hitting us right in the nose," said Joe Kunches, a scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Boulder, Colorado. Astronomers say the sun has been relatively quiet for some time. And this storm, while strong, may seem fiercer because Earth has been lulled by several years of weak solar activity. The storm is part of the sun's normal 11-year cycle, which is supposed to reach peak storminess next year. Solar storms do not harm people, but they do disrupt technology. And during the last peak around 2002, experts learned that GPS was vulnerable to solar outbursts. Because new technology has flourished since then, scientists could discover that some new systems also are at risk, said Jeffrey Hughes, director of the Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling at Boston University. A decade ago, this type of solar storm happened a couple of times a year, Hughes said. "This is a good-size event, but not the extreme type," said Bill Murtagh, program coordinator for the federal government's Space Weather Prediction Center. The sun erupted Tuesday evening, and the most noticeable effects should arrive here between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. EST Thursday, according to forecasters at the space weather center. The effects could linger through Friday morning. The region of the sun that erupted can still send more blasts Earth's way, Kunches said. He said another set of active sunspots is ready to aim at Earth right after this. "This is a big sun spot group, particularly nasty," NASA solar physicist David Hathaway said. "Things are really twisted up and mixed up. It keeps flaring." Storms like this start with sun spots, Hathaway said. Then comes an initial solar flare of subatomic particles that resemble a filament coming out of the sun. That part already hit Earth only minutes after the initial burst, bringing radio and radiation disturbances. After that comes the coronal mass ejection, which looks like a growing bubble and takes a couple of days to reach Earth. It's that ejection that could cause magnetic disruptions Thursday. "It could give us a bit of a jolt," NASA solar physicist Alex Young said. The storm follows an earlier, weaker solar eruption that happened Sunday, Kunches said. For North America, the good part of a solar storm, the one that creates more noticeable auroras or Northern Lights, will peak Thursday evening in North America. Auroras could dip as far south as the Great Lakes between Canada and the United States or lower, Kunches said, but a full moon will make them harder to see. Auroras are "probably the treat we get when the sun erupts," Kunches said. Still, the potential for problems is widespread. Solar storms have three ways they can disrupt technology on Earth: with magnetic, radio and radiation emissions. This is an unusual situation, when all three types of solar storm disruptions are likely to be strong, Kunches said. That makes it the strongest overall since December 2006. That means "a whole host of things" could follow, he said. North American utilities are monitoring for abnormalities on their grids and have contingency plans, said Kimberly Mielcarek, spokeswoman for the North American Electric Reliability Corp., a consortium of electricity grid operators. In 1989, a strong solar storm knocked out the power grid in Quebec, causing 6 million people to lose power. Solar storms also can make global positioning systems less accurate and cause GPS outages. The storm could trigger communication problems and additional radiation around the north and south poles - a risk that probably will force airlines to reroute flights. Some already have done so, Kunches said. Satellites could be affected, too. NASA spokesman Rob Navias said the space agency is not taking any extra precautions to protect astronauts on the International Space Station from added radiation.

A bistro, sometimes spelled bistrot, is, in its original Parisian incarnation, a small restaurant serving moderately priced simple meals in a modest setting. Bistros are defined mostly by the foods they serve. Home cooking with robust earthy dishes, and slow-cooked foods like cassoulet are typical. Bistros likely developed out of the basement kitchens of Parisian apartments where tenants paid for both room and board. Landlords could supplement their income by opening their kitchen to the paying public. Menus were built around foods that were simple, could be prepared in quantity and would keep over time. Wine and coffee were also served. The limited space for diners in these cramped corners prompted the tradition of adding table service to the footpath.[citation needed] As the idea caught hold, architecture and menus both became more specific.[citation needed] The origins of the word bistro are uncertain. Some say that it may derive from the Russian bystro, "quickly". According to an urban legend, it entered the French language during theRussian occupation of Paris in 1815. Russian cossacks who wanted to be served quickly would shout "bystro." However, this etymology is not accepted by several French linguists as there is, notably, no occurrence of this word until the end of the 19th century.Others say the name comes from a type of aperitif, called a bistrouille (orliqueur coffee), served in some reasonably priced restaurants.

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Traditionalism and Reformism Polemic in Malay–Muslim Religious Literature RAHIMIN AFFANDI ABD. RAHIM Department of Fiqh and Usul, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ABSTRACT At the end of the twentieth century, the Muslim academic world has been faced with a polemic between traditionalism and reformism, to the extent that it has come to preoccupy most present-day scholars. Most modern studies on contemporary Islamic law have mainly concentrated on Muslim countries in the Middle East and the Indian sub-continent, but this study will look at Malaysia, which is a relatively new field of Islamic legal inquiry. The article will concentrate on historical events in Malaysia from 1900 until the 1940s and, on the basis of what these events revealed, will highlight the legal polemic initiated by Malayan Islamic reformism and traditionalism. The discussion will focus on three issues: first, the capacity of human reason to understanding Islamic teaching; second, the concepts of ijtiha¯d and taqlı¯d; and third, attitudes towards classical Muslim fiqh. Islamic Reformism and Traditionalism in Malaya: Historical Background Historically, since the early stages of their intervention in Malaya, the British faced extensive resistance from the Malay chiefs as well as the Malay religious leaders (Abu Bakar, 1994, pp. 10–13). However, during the nineteenth century it seems that no armed rebellions occurred. Instead, most of the Malay religious leaders responded to the British authorities using different strategies and it is possible to divide the Malay religious leaders into two groups on the basis of their attitude towards British colonialism, which arose from their different approaches to religious thought, i.e. the traditionalist and the reformist. The Malay–Muslim Traditional Elite and the Religious Establishment The traditional elite, known as kaum tua, 1 comprised religious leaders and ulema who strongly supported the Malay rulers and chiefs, and did not use Islamic teachings to criticize their behaviour and actions. They were dependent on the Malay rulers for their religious appointment and seem, moreover, to have worked hand in hand with them to establish, administer and control religious institutions such as mosques, pondok, state religious councils and religious courts (Mustajab, 1979, p. 155), all of which continued Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, Vol. 17, No. 1, 93–104, January 2006 Correspondence Address: Professor Rahimin Affandi Abd. Rahim, Department of Fiqh and Usul, Division of the Syariah Studies, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: rahimin_afandi@hotmail.com 0959-6410 Print=1469-9311 Online=06=010093–12 # 2006 CSIC and CMCU DOI: 10.1080=09596410500400090 Downloaded By: [University of Malaya] At: 03:22 3 June 2010to exist since the British residential system granted the Malay rulers formal authority over Malay religion and customs (Maxwell

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