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The influenza virus infects by binding its haemagglutinin protein to sialic acid-containing molecules on the surfaces of host cells, thereby facilitating entry. The species specificity of influenza viruses is attributable in part to the type of sialic acid and the type of linkage to galactose on host cells. For this reason, avian influenza, which binds with high affinity to alpha-2,3-Gal-terminated sialosaccharides, only infrequently infects human respiratory epithelium, which contains sialic acid (SA)-alpha-2,6-Gal-terminated saccharides. However, pig respiratory epithelium contains both types of sialic acid and linkages, which may explain the ability of swine to serve as a common host for human and avian influenza viruses.

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Last Update: 2012-04-30
Subject: General
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