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semantična interoperabilnost opisuje natančno obliko informacij (slovnica, oblika in sheme), ki jih je treba izmenjati.
syntactic interoperability is about describing the exact format of the information to be exchanged in terms of grammar, format and schemas.
med manjšimi študijami je bila, pionirska na tem področju, razprava o kriptografiji "de componendis cifris" in prva italijanska slovnica.
with the florentine cosmographer paolo toscanelli he collaborated in astronomy, a close science to geography at that time, and produced a small latin work on geography, "descriptio urbis romae" ("the panorama of the city of rome").
leta 1492 je antonio de nebrija objavil svojo znamenito "gramática de la lengua castellana" ("slovnica kastiljščine"), prvo takšno delo sodobnega evropskega jezika.
in 1528 francisco delicado wrote "", a novel in the orbit of "la celestina", and in 1599 the sevillian mateo alemán wrote the first part of "guzmán de alfarache", the first picaresque novel with a known author.
bolj poglobljeno (konceptualno) poznavanje besedišča, kompleksna slovnica in pravila določenega žanra lahko v višjih razredih otroku pomagajo pri razumevanju prebranega besedila in pri razumevanju – prav tako z branjem učbenikov – geograje, zgodovine in naravoslovja.
it is provided at upper secondary school level in almost half of european countries, whereas the training of educational staff responsible for children aged over 3 is delivered at tertiary education level virtually everywhere.