Usted buscó: ethnography (Inglés - Hindi)

it was under gufurov ' s initiative and guidance that the institute of history , archaeology , and ethnography in dushanbe atal bihari vajpayee : selected speeches carried out several major excavations and research studies .
गफूरोव की पहल और उनके दिशानिर्देशों से दुशांबे स्थित इतिहास , पुरातत्वशस्त्र और मानव जाति विज्ञान ने कई महत्वपूर्ण खुदाइयां ओर अनुसंधान परियोजनाओं पर कार्य किया ।

introduction to program evaluation -whole document- dr. suvedi, msu/aee- david c. crawford - back to table of contents observation schedule an observation schedule is typically a checklist or rating scale where the occurrences of particular, pre-identified events or features can be noted. this method is useful to gather information about particular physical behaviors. it provides an opportunity to collect information directly about what is actually occurring within the natural settings. it yields very objective information. the more structured the schedule, the easier to summarize and analyze data. this method has some limitations when one needs to gather information about people. the evaluator has less control over the situation in a natural environment. if the group is aware of being observed, behavior may be affected-- which is known as "hawthorne effect." different observers may not record events consistently. if the evaluator chooses to be involved in the activity, he or she may lose objectivity. back to table of contents case study it can provide in depth information on a single unit, group or organization-- through personal discussion, mutual interaction, observation, or review of existing documents. the evaluator captures the total scene of the situation. yin (1984) describes case studies as either explanatory, descriptive, or exploratory. with an explanatory purpose, a case study is designed to test and explain causal links in real-life programs whose complexity cannot be captured by a survey. for descriptive purposes, a case study can be used to describe the real-life context where a program takes place. finally, a case study can be exploratory-- if a program has no clear set of outcomes, it can help identify performance measures or pose hypotheses for further evaluative work. case study has several advantages. it allows depth of insight into relationships and personal feelings; the information can be effectively used in combination with other methods such as survey and observation; and it can be tailored to a specific situation. the major disadvantage of case study is the subjectivity of information. people sometime question on the evaluator's bias. in addition, it is time consuming. it requires extensive amounts of data. the findings cannot necessarily be generalized to a larger community as it focuses on a limited number of cases. back to table of contents key informants it is based on obtaining information, over time, from a community resident who is in a position to know a community well. key informants in a community may include school superintendents, extension educators, local leaders, church officials, local business leaders, and members of service clubs such as lions, kiwanis, or optimist international. these people could provide fairly representative information on how a program or project is serving its intended beneficiaries. the evaluator should, however, recognize the limitations of this approach that it does not use random selection of subjects and thus, is subject to information bias and representativeness. back to table of contents surveys surveys have become very popular methods of collecting evaluative data. surveys are used to measure people's opinion, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, reactions, and attributes in response to specific questions. it can provide the distribution of some characteristics in a population and can usually accomplish that through surveying only a portion of the people (or units) in that population. some qualitative methods such as focus group interviews, in-depth case studies, and ethnography cannot do the job which surveys can do. surveys have several advantages. they are moderate in cost and relatively easy to reach large numbers. they allow for anonymity of responses. evaluators could also ask fairly complex questions about respondents attitude and behaviors. data can be requested from records and other sources. surveys allow time for respondents to reflect on events and report subsequent changes and feelings. the usefulness of survey data can be enhanced if the information is combined with other methods, i.
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