Usted buscó: competence (Inglés - Malayo)

competence
kompetensi dan pemikiran tapi ada faktor yang hilang. pengetahuan yang jelas, pengetahuan, maklumat, pengalaman dan kemahiran jurnal pengurusan pengetahuan jilid 2 nombor 1 september 1998 5 © 1998 david gurteen kreativiti dan inovasi berkenaan proses mewujudkan dan menerapkan pengetahuan baru. oleh itu, mereka berada di tengah-tengah pengurusan pengetahuan. walau bagaimanapun, pengurusan pengetahuan adalah disiplin baru dan kreativiti dan inovasi yang perlu difikirkan dalam konteks baru ini. kertas ini f

certificate of competence
kecekapan memandu

guidance on competence assurance
panduan tentang jaminan kecekapan

beyond all the competence of human reason
seterusnya semua kecekapan sebab manusia

the value of competence in lessons in school
pangkat yang terchapai dalam pepereksaan masok ka-sekolah menengah persekutuan tanah melayu

competence to practice building and maintaining a foundation for doing good and avoiding harm
kecekapan untuk mengamalkan membina dan mengekalkan asas untuk melakukan kebaikan dan mengelakkan kemudaratan

to deliver knowledge and develop competence of rigging principles, hazards and risks while providing the opportunity to develop required skills for rigging and slinging.
untuk menyampaikan pengetahuan dan membangunkan kecekapan prinsip rigging, bahaya dan risiko sambil menyediakan peluang untuk membangunkan kemahiran yang diperlukan untuk rigging dan slinging.

admission requirements 1 appropriate experience to be a crane operator 2 current and valid training certificate appropriate to crane operated 3 record of competence to be a crane operator which needs to take cognisance of flag and coastal state requirements at an operational level demonstrating relevant experience offshore requirements all above mentioned documents should be valid on course date
syarat kemasukan 1 pengalaman yang sesuai untuk menjadi pengendali kren 2 sijil latihan semasa dan sah yang sesuai untuk mengendalikan kren 3 rekod kecekapan untuk menjadi pengendali kren yang perlu mengambil pengiktirafan keperluan bendera dan negeri pantai pada tahap operasi yang menunjukkan keperluan pengalaman luar pesisir yang berkaitan semua dokumen yang dinyatakan di atas hendaklah sah pada tarikh kursus

this chapter will discuss some past studies related to teacher professionalism, competence and quality. it will also discuss the english language education policy in depth. theories and models used can be used as a guide to support the findings of the study.
bab ini akan membincangkan beberapa kajian lepas yang berkaitan dengan profesionalisme, kompetensi dan kualiti guru. ia juga akan membincangkan mengenai dasar pendidikan bahasa inggeris secara mendalam. teori dan model yang diguna pakai dapat dijadikan panduan bagi menyokong hasil dapatan kajian.

the motive for the investment the motive for a foreign investment is crucial in determining how linkages and externalities develop. there are four main motives for investment: 1) seek natural resources; 2) seek new markets; 3) restructure existing foreign production; and 4) seek new strategic assets [narula and dunning, 2000]. these can be placed into two categories. the first category includes the first three motives: asset-exploiting, to generate economic rent by using existing firm-specific assets. the second category is the fourth motive: asset-augmenting, to acquire new assets that protect or enhance existing assets. in general, developing countries are unlikely to attract the second category of fdi; they primarily attract the first category. the relative importance of each motive partly reflects the stage of economic development [narula and dunning, 2000; narula, 1996, 2004]. least developed countries would tend to have mainly resource-seeking fdi and countries at the catching-up stage mostly market-seeking fdi. efficiency-seeking investments, with the most stringent capability needs, will tend to focus on the more industrialised developing economies (though three or four decades ago they went to countries with relatively low capabilities, e.g. the electronics industry in southeast asia in the 1970s). not all affiliates offer the same spillovers to host economies. a sales office, for instance, may have a high turnover and employ many people, but its technological spillovers will be limited relative to a manufacturing facility. likewise, resource-seeking activities like mining tend to be capital intensive and provide fewer spillovers compared to market-seeking manufacturing fdi. during import substitution, most mnes set up miniature replicas of their facilities at home, though many functions were not reproduced (they were ‘truncated’). the extent of truncation, however, varied by host country. the most important determinants of truncation – and thus the scope of activities and competence of the subsidiary – were market size and local industrial capabilities [dunning and narula, 2004]. countries with small markets and weak local industries had the most truncated subsidiaries, often only single-activity subsidiaries (sales and marketing or natural resource extraction). larger countries with domestic technological capacity (such as brazil and india) had the least truncated subsidiaries, often with research and development departments. with liberalisation, mne strategies on affiliate competence and scope have changed in four ways [dunning and narula, 2004]. first, there has been investment in new affiliates. second, there has been sequential investment in upgrading existing subsidiaries. third, there has been some downgrading of subsidiaries, whereby mnes have divested in response to location advantages elsewhere or reduced the level of competence and scope of subsidiaries. do we need a new agenda? 451 fourth, there has been some redistribution of ownership as the result of privatisation or acquisitions of local private firms. in many, but certainly not all, cases this also led to a downgrading of activities. mnes are taking advantage of liberalisation to concentrate production capacity in a few locations, exploiting scale and agglomeration economies, favourable location and strong capabilities. some miniature replicas have been downgraded to sales and marketing affiliates, with fewer opportunities for spillovers. countries that receive fdi with the highest potential for capability development are, ironically, those with strong domestic absorptive capacities. the article by lorentzen and barnes on south africa shows that domestic capacity – in the form of infrastructure or an efficient domestic industrial sector – is a primary determinant of high competence affiliates. they base their analysis on eight case studies in the south african automotive sector, and show that indigenous firms can compete with mnes, and – given the appropriate domestic capabilities and infrastructure – can maintain and improve their competitive advantages through indigenous innovation. like south africa, other countries have succeeded in attracting such fdi, notably mexico and the caribbean basin [eclac, 2000, 2001; mortimore, 2000]. in addition to providing a threshold level of domestic capabilities and infrastructure, these countries have invested in developing their knowledge base (although to a lesser extent in the case of mexico). mortimore [2000] argues that much of this fdi has created export platforms for mnes with limited benefits for the host countries [eclac, 2001]. this is a point reiterated by mytelka and barclay here in the case of trinidad, where fdi has not been leveraged to develop the skills and capabilities of local downstream and supporting firms. the state has largely failed to act as a facilitator to stimulate and support domestic absorptive capacities and linkages with mne affiliates. mne linkages fdi transfers technology to local firms in four ways: backward linkages, labour turnover, horizontal linkages and international technology spillovers. studies of backward linkages have identified various determinants, including those internal to mnes and those associated with host economies. the ability of the host economy to benefit from mne linkages has been found to depend crucially on the relative technological capabilities of recipient and transmitter: the greater the distance between them, the lower the intensity of linkages. again, mne motives and strategies matter. domestic market oriented affiliates generally purchase more locally than export-oriented firms because of lower quality requirements and technical specifications [reuber et al., 1973; altenburg, 2000]. mne affiliates are more likely to be integrated with host countries where they source relatively simple inputs [ganiatsos, 2000; carillo,
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