検索ワード: • an invoice currency in many contracts (英語 - アラビア語)

in many contracts all the risk was borne by the producer.
وفي كثير من العقود يتحمل المنتج جميع المخاطر.

the social model has yet to gain wide currency in many societies.
غير أن النموذج الاجتماعي لم يحظَ بعد برواج واسع في العديد من المجتمعات.

respect for human rights and democracy are not yet common currency in many parts of the world.
أما احترام حقوق الإنسان والديمقراطية فغير شائعين بعد في العديد من أنحاء العالم.

55. remittances continue to provide important support to families and an important and steady source of foreign currency in many developing countries.
55 - وما زالت التحويلات المالية توفر دعما هاما للأسر ومصدرا هاما وثابتا للعملات الأجنبية في العديد من البلدان النامية.

24. remittances have emerged as a significant source of foreign currency in many of the asia-pacific least developed countries.
24 - برزت التحويلات باعتبارها مصدرا مهما للعملة الأجنبية في كثير من أقل البلدان نموا في آسيا والمحيط الهادئ.

the collapse of many of the currencies in east asia could also cause serious problems for crop financing in many countries in the region.
ويمكن لتدهور كثير من العمﻻت في شرقي آسيا أن ينجم عنه مشاكل خطيرة لتمويل المحاصيل في كثير من بلدان المنطقة.

fifty-eighth session item 17 of the provisional agenda human rights and human responsibilities report of mr. miguel alfonso martínez, special rapporteur appointed by the sub-commission on the promotion and protection of human rights to undertake the study requested by the commission in its resolution 2000/63* * the executive summary of this report will be distributed in all the official languages. the report is contained in the annex to this summary and will be distributed in the original language, and in english and french. executive summary in this preliminary report, the special rapporteur describes the progress made in his research on this subject. he does not, for obvious reasons, offer any conclusions here on the substance of this important question, as these will be presented in the final report on his study to be submitted for the commission's consideration at its fifty-ninth session, due to be held in 2003. this document begins with a brief introduction in which the author describes the proceedings in the sub-commission on the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as in the commission itself and in the economic and social council, which led to his appointment as special rapporteur entrusted with the task of preparing the study requested (council decision 2001/285 of 24 july 2001). the special rapporteur then defines some of the essential methodological parameters for his research. these first of all concern the basic scope of this first report to the commission, and the use which will be made in his work of the terms “duties”, “responsibilities”, “obligations” and “community”. secondly, he explains the rationale for focusing his research on attempting to specify what are the duties (or responsibilities), as referred to in article 29, paragraph 1, of the universal declaration of human rights and in the final common preambular paragraph of the 1966 international covenants on human rights, that each individual has towards the community in which he or she lives. this important question still remains to be clarified after more than half a century. in the last part of this report the special rapporteur describes the progress made in his research on the subject, essentially following the proposals put forward in the note which he submitted for consideration by the commission at its fifty-seventh session in 2001 (e/cn.4/2001/96). with regard to the preparatory work that led in 1948 and 1966 to the adoption of the above-mentioned provisions included in the texts of the universal declaration and the international covenants, the special rapporteur analyses in detail the relevant parts of the valuable work carried out on this same question 20 years ago by his colleague in the sub-commission, mrs. erica-irene daes, entitled “the individual's duties to the community and the limitations on human rights and freedoms under article 29 of the universal declaration of human rights” (e/cn.4/sub.2/432/rev.2). turning to the work of the specialized agencies of the united nations system in this area, the special rapporteur reviews the contents of the declaration on the responsibilities of the present generations towards future generations, adopted in 1997 by the general conference of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (unesco), and looking moreover at the work of “regional” intergovernmental organizations, he examines the american declaration of the rights and duties of man (adopted in 1948 by the ninth international conference of american states), the african charter on human and peoples' rights (adopted in 1981 by the organization of african unity) and the cairo declaration on human rights in islam (adopted in 1990 by the organization of the islamic conference). with regard to the opinions expressed by states on the subject, the special rapporteur firstly analyses the several dozen replies made during the 1970s to the questionnaire prepared in that connection by mrs. daes, and furthermore indicates that there is a need to update this information. to that end, in an appendix to this report he includes questionnaires intended not only for member states but also for non-governmental organizations (ngos). concerning the work of ngos in this field, the special rapporteur focuses in particular on the contents of the draft universal declaration of human responsibilities prepared in 1997 by the interaction council, an organization at that time under the presidency of former german chancellor helmut schmidt. he realizes, however, that the great majority of ngos (especially those based in the developed north) are at present reluctant to define their duties or responsibilities towards the respective communities in which they are active. lastly, with regard to the views expressed in the scholarly literature on the subject, the special rapporteur takes account, in various sections of the report, of the opinions of specialists from the most diverse geographical backgrounds and of recognized international authority, including the views of those (such as professor theo van boven) who did not consider it necessary or appropriate, for one reason or another, to attempt to define what these said duties (or responsibilities) might be. the special rapporteur will seek to reflect, in his final report, many other views taken from this important source, in particular when formulating his conclusions and recommendations in the coming year. annex report of mr. miguel alfonso martÍnez, special rapporteur appointed by the sub-commission on the promotion and protection of human rights to undertake the study requested by the commission in its resolution 2000/63 paragraphs page content of the interim report 7 - 19 6 terminology: “duties”, “responsibilities” and “obligations” 20 - 34 7 c. reason for attempting to define formally the duties (or responsibilities) of individuals towards the community in which they live and towards other members of that community 35 - 39 10 preparatory work relating to article 29, paragraph 1, of the universal declaration of human rights and the fifth common preambular paragraph of the international covenants on human rights 40 - 58 11 specialized agencies of the united nations system 59 - 65 14 c. “regional” intergovernmental organizations 66 - 86 15 opinions of the governments of states members and non-members of the united nations 87 - 92 18 e. teachings on this subject of some of the world's major religions 93 - 104 19 opinions of non-governmental organizations 105 - 117 21 views of some leading subject specialists 118 - 119 23 appendix: questionnaires on the duties and responsibilities of the individual 32 in its resolution 2000/63 of 26 april 2000, the commission on human rights requested the sub-commission on the promotion and protection of human rights to undertake “a study on the issue of human rights and human responsibilities” and to submit an interim study to the commission at its fifty-seventh session and a complete study at its fifty-eighth session (para. 2). it also decided to continue its consideration of that question at its fifty-seventh session under the same agenda item (para. 3). the commission approved that resolution after a relatively brief but substantive debate on its content. in response to this request from its higher body, the sub-commission adopted (by a roll-call vote of 14 votes to 4, with 5 abstentions) its decision 2000/111 of 18 august 2000. by that decision, acting on the request made by the commission in paragraph 2 of its resolution 2000/63, the sub-commission decided, firstly, “to appoint sub-commission member miguel alfonso martínez to undertake a study of the issue of human rights and human responsibilities”. it also decided to request the commission, at its fifty-seventh session (due to be held in 2001), to recommend that the economic and social council authorize mr. alfonso martínez to undertake the study and to submit a preliminary report to the commission at its fifty-eighth session (due to be held in 2002) and a final report at its fifty-ninth session (due to be held in 2003). the main points contained in this decision by the sub-commission were reflected in draft decision 14 which the sub-commission recommended to the commission for adoption at its fifty-second session. at its fifty-seventh session, the commission adopted draft decision 14 recommended by the sub-commission without making any change to the text. it did so after a roll-call vote of 34 to 14, with 4 abstentions, which was requested in the name of the group of states members of the european union which were members of the commission. in this decision, the commission recommended that the economic and social council should confirm retrospectively the appointment of mr. alfonso martínez - already effected by the sub-commission in exercise of the powers vested in it - to undertake the study requested by the commission, and set new dates for the submission to it of his preliminary report and of his final report (at the fifty-eighth and fifty-ninth sessions, respectively). the economic and social council, by its decision 2001/285, adopted - also without any change - the text recommended by the commission. it may be noted that the council approved the recommendation of its subsidiary body by consensus, without a formal vote. unlike during the proceedings shortly before in the commission, none of its members considered it necessary or useful to request a formal vote. this interim report is submitted for consideration by the commission at its fifty-eighth session pursuant to the above-mentioned council decision 2001/285. methodological starting points content of the interim report the special rapporteur has commenced his work proceeding on the basis of certain methodological premises. it should at the outset be noted that the content of this preliminary report is principally determined by the technical terminology chosen by the commission and the council to differentiate this first report from the definitive report requested for the coming year. it will not, therefore, contain any conclusions and will only exceptionally include some recommendations that will generally be of a procedural nature and related to the advancement of the special rapporteur's research. the conclusions and final recommendations of this study will be set forth in the definitive report to be submitted to the commission at its fifty-ninth session. the present report will thus be basically devoted to reflecting the progress which the special rapporteur appointed for its preparation has been able to make in his necessary research over the barely seven months that have passed since the council authorized him to begin it. within this brief period of time, the special rapporteur has found that the bibliographical and documentary sources identified on this subject already go well beyond his original expectations. secondly, it should be recalled that the special rapporteur submitted, for consideration by the commission at its fifty-seventh session, a brief note in which he set out the main objectives of his research work. unfortunately, the rapid pace of the commission's work, which in many cases prevents extensive debate and in-depth reflection even on issues of capital importance, made it impossible to consider that note last year under agenda item 17. nevertheless, the wide margin of approval given to the sub-commission's initiative has permitted the special rapporteur to move forward on the understanding that the commission (or, at least, a large majority of its members) had no fundamental objections concerning the relevance of the basic guidelines indicated for the research to be conducted on the subject. it is those guidelines, therefore, which have served essentially to direct his efforts to date. furthermore, as may be gathered from the above-mentioned note, the study authorized last july by the council, at the request of the commission, has been largely focused on attempting a possible definition of the individual's duties or responsibilities towards the society in which he or she lives, as well as towards the other individuals constituting that same social milieu. there is quite clearly a sharp contrast between, on the one hand, the very extensive bibliographical materials published on the subject of human rights, the enormous conceptual advances made in this respect and the variety of practical actions which human rights and fundamental freedoms have already warranted, and, on the other, the lack of precise formal definitions concerning what duties arise for each individual under article 29, paragraph 1, of the universal declaration of human rights and the last paragraph of the common preamble to the international covenants on human rights. consequently, the basic lines of investigation suggested for this study include an examination, on the one hand, of the work carried out originally within the framework of the united nations on this subject (relating essentially to article 28 and article 29, paragraph 1, of the universal declaration of human rights and to the fifth and last paragraph of the common preamble to the international covenants on human rights) and, on the other hand, the work which has since been conducted on this same subject by intergovernmental organizations, both within the united nations system itself and outside it (essentially at the regional level). in his note the special rapporteur also underlined the need to examine the advances made on this topic by some non-governmental organizations and the opinions put forward on certain essential aspects of the subject by other such organizations. lastly, that document pointed to the importance of reviewing the comments on this issue both by governments and by the scholars who, at the international level, have shown interest in studying the matter in greater depth. the special rapporteur has been able to make progress in these few months on practically all the key lines of investigation, although, as will be seen, the progress was not equal in every one of them. it should further be pointed out that, as happens quite often with this kind of research, the more time is devoted to a topic, the more one tends to discover relevant new aspects and conceptual or institutional dimensions that were either not foreseen in the original approach to the subject matter or were omitted completely from the study plan initially outlined. this first report to the commission therefore includes the initial results of the examination considered necessary into how the question of “duties/responsibilities” has been treated in some of the world's major religions. the present report likewise takes up the points which were seen as most relevant in the work carried out between 1986 and 1998 by another united nations body on the same aspect of the topic to be addressed (namely, the duties and/or responsibilities of each individual towards the community in which he or she lives). in this context, it should be indicated, lastly, that the only facet of the research originally envisaged on which relatively little progress could be made relates to the views that may currently be held by the governments of member states concerning the duties and/or responsibilities which each person has towards the society in which he or she lives. later in this preliminary report, the special rapporteur will put forward recommendations on how to remedy this shortcoming. terminology: “duties”, “responsibilities” and “obligations” it will furthermore be necessary to consider an essentially semantic question whose importance has already been signalled by the special rapporteur in the note which he submitted to the commission at its fifty-seventh session and which relates to the usage, in the discussions and action of the united nations, of the terms “duties”, “responsibilities” and “obligations” of the individual in this field of human rights. it may be noted to begin with, for the purposes of this study, that the diccionario de la lengua española, in its most recent edition, defines “deber” (“duty”) as follows: aquello a que está obligado el hombre por los preceptos religiosos o por las leyes naturales o positivas. the definition of “responsabilidad” (“responsibility”) reads: deuda, obligación de reparar y satisfacer, por sí o por otra persona, a consecuencia de un delito, de una culpa o de otra causa legal. cargo u obligación moral que resulta para alguien del posible yerro en cosa o asunto determinado. the same dictionary offers many different meanings for the word “obligación” (“obligation”), including: aquello que alguien está obligado a hacer. imposición o exigencia moral que debe regir la voluntad libre. vinculo que sujeta a hacer o abstenerse de hacer algo, establecido por precepto de ley, por voluntario otorgamiento o por derivación recta de ciertos actos. it is to be noted here that, in one form or another, the definitions of each of the above three terms include the sense of “obligation” and that in all of them such an “obligation” may be regarded as deriving either from ethical/moral considerations or from the strictly legal framework of the positive law in force in the country concerned. furthermore, everything indicates that in the discussions which preceded the adoption both of the universal declaration of human rights and of the international covenants on human rights, many of the participants used these three terms (especially “duties” and “responsibilities”) interchangeably to refer to the same things. the official spanish text of the fifth paragraph of the common preamble to the two international covenants on human rights even goes so far as to refer to the “duties” of the individual towards other individuals and towards “the community to which he belongs” as giving rise to an “obligation” (“obligación”). despite the foregoing, the special rapporteur considers that, as regards both the text of article 29, paragraph 1, of the universal declaration of human rights and that of the fifth common preambular paragraph of the two international covenants on human rights, it would be going beyond his mandate to analyse what might be the “obligations” of every individual to the community or society in which he or she lives. the conclusion he has reached is that such obligations (or legally enforceable duties) are clearly laid down in the relevant provisions of the internal legal order of each state. with regard more particularly to the text of the universal declaration of human rights, the meaning of paragraph 1 of article 29, cannot be appreciated without the reference which is made to domestic law, in paragraph 2 of the same article, as the basic legal framework giving rise to the obligations strictu senso that each individual has to his or her community. however, the declaratory (non-binding) nature of the universal declaration of human rights, as a basic instrument thereon, is not consonant with the enforceable character that, for the special rapporteur, an “obligation” has in the context of his study. the special rapporteur therefore feels that it would be proper to use interchangeably in this study only the terms “duties” and “responsibilities”. these terms appear to him to be much more suitable for attempting to specify actions and attitudes that are adopted and appraised, generally speaking, at the non-legal level, in the light of ethics and morality, and not according to the narrower and more formal requirements of positive law. that latter framework nonetheless - in the special rapporteur's view, and in the context of his mandate - is ultimately the only appropriate framework to be considered as the one giving rise to “obligations”. accordingly, the present study will be focused only on seeking
لجنة حقوق الإنسان الدورة الثامنة والخمسون البند 17 من جدول الأعمال المؤقت تعزيز حقوق الإنسان وحمايتها حقوق الإنسان ومسؤولياته تقرير مقدم من السيد ميغيل ألفونسو مارتينيس، المقرر الخاص الذي عينته اللجنة الفرعية لتعزيز وحماية حقوق الإنسان لإجراء الدراسة التي طلبتها اللجنة في قرارها 2000/63*. ـــــــــــــــ * يعمم الموجز التنفيذي لهذا التقرير بجميع اللغات الرسمية. أما التقرير نفسه، فيرد في المرفق بهذا الموجز، ويعمم بلغته الأصلية واللغتين الإنكليزية والفرنسية. موجز تنفيذي يعرض المقرر الخاص في هذا التقرير الأولي ما أحرزه من تقدم في بحثه المتعلق بهذا الموضوع. وهو لا يقدم هنا، لأسباب بديهية، أي استنتاجات عن مضمون هذه المسألة الهامة، حيث سيدرج هذه الاستنتاجات في تقريره النهائي عن دراسته، الذي سيقدَّم إلى اللجنة لكي تنظر فيه في دورتها التاسعة والخمسين المقرر عقدها في عام 2003. وتبدأ هذه الوثيقة بمقدمة موجزة يعرض فيها كاتبها ما تم اتخاذه في اللجنة الفرعية لتعزيز وحماية حقوق الإنسان، وكذلك في لجنة حقوق الإنسان نفسها والمجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي، من إجراءات أدت إلى تعيينه مقرراً خاصاً مكلفاً بمهمة إعداد الدراسة المطلوبة (قرار المجلس 2001/ 285 المؤرخ 24 تموز/ يوليه 2001). ثم يحدد المقرر الخاص بعض البارامترات المنهجية الأساسية لبحثه. وتتعلق هذه البارامترات في المقام الأول بالنطاق الأساسي لهذا التقرير الأول المقدم إلى لجنة حقوق الإنسان، وكيفية استخدام المقرر الخاص في أعماله لمصطلحات "الواجبات"، و"المسؤوليات"، و"الالتزامات"، و"المجتمع". ثم يشرح المقرر الخاص بعد ذلك المنطق الكامن وراء تركيز بحثه على محاولة تحديد ماهية ما ورد في الفقرة 1 من المادة 29 من الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان، والفقرة الموحدة الأخيرة من ديباجة كل من العهدين الدوليين الخاصين بحقوق الإنسان الصادرين في عام 1966، من واجبات (أو مسؤوليات) تقع على عاتق كل فرد تجاه المجتمع الذي يعيش فيه. ولا تزال هذه المسألة الهامة في حاجة إلى تفسير بعد مضي أكثر من نصف قرن من الزمان. ويعرض المقرر الخاص في الجزء الأخير من هذا التقرير ما أحرزه من تقدم في أبحاثـه المتعلقـة بالموضوع، لا سيما بعد المقترحات المطروحة في المذكرة التي قدمها إلى اللجنة لتنظر فيها في دورتها السابعة والخمسين لعام 2001 (e/cn.4/2001/96). وفيما يتعلق بالأعمال التحضيرية التي أدت في عامي 1948 و1966 إلى اعتماد الأحكام المذكورة أعلاه والمدرجة في نصوص الإعلان العالمي والعهدين الدوليين، يحلل المقرر الخاص بالتفصيل الأجزاء المتعلقة بالعمل القيم الذي أجرته قبل 20 عاماً بشأن المسألة نفسها زميلتُه في اللجنة الفرعية، السيدة إيريكا - إيرين دايس، وعنوانه "واجبات الفرد إزاء المجتمع والقيود المفروضة على حقوق الإنسان وحرياته بمقتضى المادة 29 من الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان" (e/cn.4/sub.2/432/rev.2). وحين يتناول المقرر الخاص أعمال وكالات منظومة الأمم المتحدة المتخصصة في هذا المجال، فإنه يستعرض ما جاء في الإعلان بشأن مسؤوليات الأجيال الحاضرة تجاه الأجيال المقبلة الذي اعتمده المؤتمر العام لمنظمة الأمم المتحدة للتربية والعلم والثقافة (اليونسكو) في عام 1997، وحين يعرض كذلك لأعمال المنظمات الحكومية الدولية "الإقليمية"، فإنه يبحث الإعلان الأمريكي لحقوق الإنسان وواجباته (الذي اعتمده المؤتمر الدولي التاسع للدول الأمريكية في عام 1948)، والميثاق الأفريقي لحقوق الإنسان وحقوق الشعوب (الذي اعتمدته منظمة الوحدة الأفريقية في عام 1981)، وإعلان القاهرة حول حقوق الإنسان في الإسلام (الذي اعتمدته منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي في عام 1990). وفيما يتعلق بالآراء التي أعربت عنها الدول في هذا الموضوع، يحلل المقرر الخاص أولاً عشرات الردود التي أُرسلت في السبعينات من القرن الماضي على الاستبيان الذي أعدته السيدة دايس في هذا الصدد، ويبين أيضاً ضرورة استكمال هذه المعلومات. وتحقيقاً لهذه الغاية، أدرج المقرر الخاص في تذييل بهذا التقرير استبيانات موجهة للدول الأعضاء فضلاً عن المنظمات غير الحكومية أيضاً. وفيما يتصل بأعمال المنظمات غير الحكومية في هذا الميدان، يركز المقرر الخاص تركيزاً خاصاً على ما جاء في مشروع الإعلان العالمي لمسؤوليات الإنسان الذي أعده في عام 1997 مجلسُ العمل الدولي، وهو منظمة كان يرأسها آنذاك المستشار الألماني السابق هيلموت شميت. ويعرب المقرر الخاص، مع ذلك، عن إدراكه لتخوف الغالبية العظمى من المنظمات غير الحكومية حالياً (ولا سيما تلك التي يقع مقرها في الشمال المتقدم) من تحديد واجباتها أو مسؤولياتها تجاه المجتمعات التي يعمل فيها كل منها. وفي النهاية، وفيما يتعلق بالآراء المعرب عنها حول هذا الموضوع في الدراسات العلمية، يعرض المقرر الخاص، في عدة أجزاء من تقريره، لآراء المتخصصين من شتى بقاع الأرض، الذين يتمتعون بحجية دولية معترف بها، ويشمل ذلك آراء أولئك (من أمثال البروفيسير تيو فان بوفين) الذين لا يرون، لسبب أو لآخر، في محاولة تعريف ما يمكن أن تكون عليه هذه الواجبات (المسؤوليات) المذكورة، محاولة ضرورية أو مناسبة. وسيسعى المقرر الخاص إلى التعبير في تقريره النهائي عن الكثير من الآراء الأخرى المستمدة من هذا المصدر الهام، وبخاصة حين يشرع في صياغة استنتاجاته وتوصياته في العام القادم. الأمم المتحدة e distr. e/cn.4/2002/107 19 march 2002 original: spanish