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ethylene is produced from essentially all parts of higher plants, including leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, tubers, and seeds. ethylene production is regulated by a variety of developmental and environmental factors. during the life of the plant, ethylene production is induced during certain stages of growth such as germination, ripening of fruits, abscission of leaves, and senescence of flowers. ethylene production can also be induced by a variety of external aspects such as mechanical wounding, environmental stresses, and certain chemicals including auxin and other regulators.[29] the pathway for ethylene biosynthesis is named the yang cycle after the scientist shang fa yang who made key contributions to elucidating this pathway. ethylene is biosynthesized from the amino acid methionine to s adenosyl l methionine (sam, also called adomet) by the enzyme met adenosyltransferase. sam is then converted to 1 aminocyclopropane 1 carboxylic acid (acc) by the enzyme acc synthase (acs). the activity of acs determines the rate of ethylene production, therefore regulation of this enzyme is key for the ethylene biosynthesis. the final step requires oxygen and involves the action of the enzyme acc oxidase (aco), formerly known as the ethylene forming enzyme (efe). ethylene biosynthesis can be induced by endogenous or exogenous ethylene. acc synthesis increases with high levels of auxins, especially indole acetic acid (iaa) and cytokinins. ethylene perception in plants ethylene is perceived by a family of five transmembrane protein dimers such as the etr1 protein in arabidopsis. the genes encoding ethylene receptors have been cloned in the reference plant arabidopsis thaliana and many other plants. ethylene receptors are encoded by multiple genes in plant genomes. dominant missense mutations in any of the gene family, which comprises five receptors in arabidopsis and at least six in tomato, can confer insensitivity to ethylene.[30] loss of function mutations in multiple members of the ethylene receptor family result in a plant that exhibits constitutive ethylene responses.[31] dna sequences for ethylene receptors have also been identified in many other plant species and an ethylene binding protein has even been identified in cyanobacteria.[22]
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最終更新： 2018-06-07
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