검색어: objektif kajian (말레이어 - 영어)

objektif kajian
problem statement

objektif
the motive for the investment the motive for a foreign investment is crucial in determining how linkages and externalities develop. there are four main motives for investment: 1) seek natural resources; 2) seek new markets; 3) restructure existing foreign production; and 4) seek new strategic assets [narula and dunning, 2000]. these can be placed into two categories. the first category includes the first three motives: asset-exploiting, to generate economic rent by using existing firm-specific assets. the second category is the fourth motive: asset-augmenting, to acquire new assets that protect or enhance existing assets. in general, developing countries are unlikely to attract the second category of fdi; they primarily attract the first category. the relative importance of each motive partly reflects the stage of economic development [narula and dunning, 2000; narula, 1996, 2004]. least developed countries would tend to have mainly resource-seeking fdi and countries at the catching-up stage mostly market-seeking fdi. efficiency-seeking investments, with the most stringent capability needs, will tend to focus on the more industrialised developing economies (though three or four decades ago they went to countries with relatively low capabilities, e.g. the electronics industry in southeast asia in the 1970s). not all affiliates offer the same spillovers to host economies. a sales office, for instance, may have a high turnover and employ many people, but its technological spillovers will be limited relative to a manufacturing facility. likewise, resource-seeking activities like mining tend to be capital intensive and provide fewer spillovers compared to market-seeking manufacturing fdi. during import substitution, most mnes set up miniature replicas of their facilities at home, though many functions were not reproduced (they were ‘truncated’). the extent of truncation, however, varied by host country. the most important determinants of truncation – and thus the scope of activities and competence of the subsidiary – were market size and local industrial capabilities [dunning and narula, 2004]. countries with small markets and weak local industries had the most truncated subsidiaries, often only single-activity subsidiaries (sales and marketing or natural resource extraction). larger countries with domestic technological capacity (such as brazil and india) had the least truncated subsidiaries, often with research and development departments. with liberalisation, mne strategies on affiliate competence and scope have changed in four ways [dunning and narula, 2004]. first, there has been investment in new affiliates. second, there has been sequential investment in upgrading existing subsidiaries. third, there has been some downgrading of subsidiaries, whereby mnes have divested in response to location advantages elsewhere or reduced the level of competence and scope of subsidiaries. do we need a new agenda? 451 fourth, there has been some redistribution of ownership as the result of privatisation or acquisitions of local private firms. in many, but certainly not all, cases this also led to a downgrading of activities. mnes are taking advantage of liberalisation to concentrate production capacity in a few locations, exploiting scale and agglomeration economies, favourable location and strong capabilities. some miniature replicas have been downgraded to sales and marketing affiliates, with fewer opportunities for spillovers. countries that receive fdi with the highest potential for capability development are, ironically, those with strong domestic absorptive capacities. the article by lorentzen and barnes on south africa shows that domestic capacity – in the form of infrastructure or an efficient domestic industrial sector – is a primary determinant of high competence affiliates. they base their analysis on eight case studies in the south african automotive sector, and show that indigenous firms can compete with mnes, and – given the appropriate domestic capabilities and infrastructure – can maintain and improve their competitive advantages through indigenous innovation. like south africa, other countries have succeeded in attracting such fdi, notably mexico and the caribbean basin [eclac, 2000, 2001; mortimore, 2000]. in addition to providing a threshold level of domestic capabilities and infrastructure, these countries have invested in developing their knowledge base (although to a lesser extent in the case of mexico). mortimore [2000] argues that much of this fdi has created export platforms for mnes with limited benefits for the host countries [eclac, 2001]. this is a point reiterated by mytelka and barclay here in the case of trinidad, where fdi has not been leveraged to develop the skills and capabilities of local downstream and supporting firms. the state has largely failed to act as a facilitator to stimulate and support domestic absorptive capacities and linkages with mne affiliates. mne linkages fdi transfers technology to local firms in four ways: backward linkages, labour turnover, horizontal linkages and international technology spillovers. studies of backward linkages have identified various determinants, including those internal to mnes and those associated with host economies. the ability of the host economy to benefit from mne linkages has been found to depend crucially on the relative technological capabilities of recipient and transmitter: the greater the distance between them, the lower the intensity of linkages. again, mne motives and strategies matter. domestic market oriented affiliates generally purchase more locally than export-oriented firms because of lower quality requirements and technical specifications [reuber et al., 1973; altenburg, 2000]. mne affiliates are more likely to be integrated with host countries where they source relatively simple inputs [ganiatsos, 2000; carillo,

kajian asas
medical facilities

objektif kajian ini adalah seperti berikut:
the objectives of this study are as follows:

kajian kebolehlaksanaan
due diligence

fungsi objektif:
objective function

objektif dan matlamat
take care of the payment counter and ensure that the service provided to customers is the best. ensure that the money received and given is correct and sufficient. helping to make the arrangement of goods in the store in a neat and organized condition maintaining the cleanliness of the work area

antara objektif adalah
industry training report objective

borang soal selidik telah disediakan berdasarkan objektif kajian iaitu
questionnaires were prepared based on the objectives of the study

objektif program juruteknik elektrik
objectives of the electrical technician program

objektif, visi dan misi syarikat nissan
objektif,visi dan misi syarikat nissan

apakah objektif kerjaya profesional anda?
are you looking for a staff or consultant position?

murid menguasai pembelajaran dan mencapai objektif
students master skills and achieve objectives

borang soal selidik dibahagikan kepada pelbagai bahagian untuk menangkap kawasan kritikal yang disusuli dalam objektif kajian
the questionnaires were divided into various sections to capture the critical areas spelt out in the objectives for the study

berupaya untuk memenuhi kehendak objektif kajian yang dapat memberikan hasil dapatan kajian yang bertepatan dengan syarat keseluruhan tugasan ini
able to meet the requirements of the objectives of the study that can provide research findings that coincide with the overall conditions of this assignment

dalam kajian ini, kami menggunakan kaedah temubual dan soal selidik sebagai instrumen kajian yang merangkumi beberapa item berdasarkan objektif kajian.
in this study, we used the method of interviews and questionnaires as research instruments that include several items based on the objectives of the study.

objektif prestasi​ (dicapai atau tidak dicapai?)​ kenapa?​
training & development​ coaching & mentoring​

proses penyelidikan ialah proses yang mengandungi petua tentang cara mengatur projek. ia mengandungi tentang cara menstruktur projek dan menjana kajian ke arah matlamat dan objektif kajian. terdapat enam peringkat dan pendekatan yang akan digariskan.
the research process is the process that contains a tip on how to organize the project. it contains on how to structure the project and generate the study towards the study goal and objective. there are six stage and approach to be outlined.

dari segi jenis temu bual pula, kajian ini menggunakan temu bual semi struktur. tujuan saya menggunakan temu bual semi struktur berbanding jenis temu bual lain adalah kerana ia dapat mengelakkan data terpesong daripada objektif kajian dan pada masa yang sama saya dapat mengajukan pertanyaan dengan lebih mendalam mengenai maklumat yang diberikan oleh informan.
in terms of the type of interview, this study uses semi -structured interviews. my purpose in using semi -structured interviews compared to other types of interviews is because it can avoid data deviating from the objectives of the study and at the same time i can ask more in -depth questions about the information provided by the informants.

objektif kajian ini terbahagi kepada tiga bahagian, seperti menganalisis ciri ciri reka bentuk seni bina masjid melalui sejarah dan artikel, menghasilkan sebuah arca yang diilhamkan dari reka bentuk “masjid wilayah persekutuan labuan” dalam bentuk karya 3dimensional,
the objectives of this study are divided into three parts, such as analyzing the features of the architectural design of the mosque through history and articles, producing a sculpture inspired by the design of the "mosque of labuan federal territory" in the form of 3dimensional works,