검색어: thermodynamics (영어 - 타갈로그어)

thermodynamics
termodinamika

thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter.
ang thermodynamics ay isang sangay ng pisika na tumatalakay sa init, trabaho, at temperatura, at ang kanilang kaugnayan sa enerhiya, radiation, at mga pisikal na katangian ng bagay.

indicates how ecosystems are complex and interconnected. this complexity and interconnectedness are not like that of the individual organism whose various organs have evolved and have been selected based on their contribution to the survival and fecundity of the whole. nature is far more complex, variable, and considerably more resilient than the metaphor of the evolution of an individual organism suggests. an ecosystem can lose species and undergo significant transformations without collapsing. yet, the interconnectedness of nature also means that ecological systems can experience sudden, startling catastrophes if placed under extreme stress. “the system,” commoner writes, “is stabilized by its dynamic self-compensating properties; these same properties, if overstressed, can lead to a dramatic collapse.” further, “the ecological system is an amplifier, so that a small perturbation in one place may have large, distant, long-delayed effects elsewhere.” • everything must go somewhere, restates a basic law of thermodynamics: in nature, there is no final waste, matter and energy are preserved, and the waste produced in one ecological process is recycled in another. for instance, a downed tree or log in an old-growth forest is a life source for numerous species and an essential part of the ecosystem. likewise, animals excrete carbon dioxide into the air and organic compounds into the soil, which helps sustain plants upon which animals will feed. • nature knows best, the third informal law of ecology, commoner writes, “holds that any major man-made change in a natural system is likely to be detrimental to that system.” during 5 billion years of evolution, living things developed an array of substances and reactions that together constitute the living biosphere. however, the modern petrochemical industry suddenly created thousands of new substances that did not exist in nature. based on the same basic carbon chemistry patterns as natural compounds, these new substances enter readily into existing biochemical processes. but they do so in ways that are frequently destructive to life, leading to mutations, cancer, and many different forms of death and disease. “the absence of a particular substance from nature,” commoner writes, “is often a sign that it is incompatible with the chemistry of life.” • there is no such thing as a free lunch. the fourth informal law of ecology expresses that the exploitation of nature always carries an ecological cost. from a strict ecological standpoint, human beings are consumers more than they are producers. the second law of thermodynamics tells us that in the very process of using energy, human beings “use up” (but do not destroy) energy, in the sense that they transform it into unworkable forms.
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