Você procurou por: decibel (db) is a common form of gain measure... (Inglês - Malaio)

this is a common human reaction to the possibility, or reality, of unsatisfied basic needs.
ini merupakan reaksi manusia biasa tentang kemungkinan, atau kenyataan, keperluan asas yang tidak memuaskan.

a diplococcus (plural diplococci) is a round bacterium (a coccus) that typically occurs in the form of two joined cells.
diplococcus (plural diplococci) adalah bakteria bulat (kokus) yang biasanya berlaku dalam bentuk dua sel bergabung.

a voluntary disclosure agreement (vda) is a contractual agreement between your company and the state in which your company comes forward voluntarily to pay its tax obligations in exchange for state concessions in the form of reduced penalties and limitations on the number of years under consideration for outstanding tax liability.
pendedahan secara sukarela boleh memberi manfaat kepada pelabur seperti membantu mereka membuat keputusan peruntukan modal yang lebih baik dan mengurangkan kos modal untuk perniagaan. di luar laporan kewangan mandatori, sebarang maklumat kewangan dan bukan kewangan yang didedahkan oleh pengurusan dianggap sebagai pendedahan sukarela. maklumat strategik seperti produk, persaingan dan pelanggan; maklumat kewangan seperti ramalan pendapatan pengurusan, harga saham; dan maklumat bukan kewangan seperti alam sekitar, sosial dan

without leaps of imagination, or dreaming, we lose the excitement of possibilities. dreaming, after all, is a form of planning. @quote
transalate

a compass gyro is a form of gyroscope that is widely used on ships using an electric rotating gyroscope wheel and a friction force. among other factors that use basic physical laws are the influence of gravity and the rotation of the earth to find the actual coordinates.
giro kompass merupakam bentuk giroskop yang digunakan secara meluas pada kapal menggunakan roda giroskop berputar eletrik dan gaya geseran. antara faktor lain yang menggunakan undang undang fizikal asas ialah pengaruh graviti dan putaran bumi untuk mencari koordinat yang sebenarnya.

although email has taken over as the most common form of correspondence, printed out business letters are still used for many important, serious types of correspondence, including reference letters, employment verification, job offers and more
walaupun e-mel telah diambil alih sebagai bentuk surat-menyurat yang paling biasa, surat perniagaan yang dicetak masih digunakan untuk banyak jenis surat-menyurat yang penting dan serius, termasuk surat rujukan, pengesahan pekerjaan, tawaran pekerjaan dan banyak lagi

utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. it is a form of consequentialism. utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. it is applied widely by economist to make rational decisions.
utilitarianisme adalah teori etika yang menentukan betul dan salah dengan memusatkan perhatian pada hasil. ini adalah bentuk konsekuensialisme. utilitarianisme berpendapat bahawa pilihan yang paling beretika adalah pilihan yang akan menghasilkan kebaikan terbesar untuk jumlah terbesar. ia digunakan secara meluas oleh ahli ekonomi untuk membuat keputusan yang rasional.

the motive for the investment the motive for a foreign investment is crucial in determining how linkages and externalities develop. there are four main motives for investment: 1) seek natural resources; 2) seek new markets; 3) restructure existing foreign production; and 4) seek new strategic assets [narula and dunning, 2000]. these can be placed into two categories. the first category includes the first three motives: asset-exploiting, to generate economic rent by using existing firm-specific assets. the second category is the fourth motive: asset-augmenting, to acquire new assets that protect or enhance existing assets. in general, developing countries are unlikely to attract the second category of fdi; they primarily attract the first category. the relative importance of each motive partly reflects the stage of economic development [narula and dunning, 2000; narula, 1996, 2004]. least developed countries would tend to have mainly resource-seeking fdi and countries at the catching-up stage mostly market-seeking fdi. efficiency-seeking investments, with the most stringent capability needs, will tend to focus on the more industrialised developing economies (though three or four decades ago they went to countries with relatively low capabilities, e.g. the electronics industry in southeast asia in the 1970s). not all affiliates offer the same spillovers to host economies. a sales office, for instance, may have a high turnover and employ many people, but its technological spillovers will be limited relative to a manufacturing facility. likewise, resource-seeking activities like mining tend to be capital intensive and provide fewer spillovers compared to market-seeking manufacturing fdi. during import substitution, most mnes set up miniature replicas of their facilities at home, though many functions were not reproduced (they were ‘truncated’). the extent of truncation, however, varied by host country. the most important determinants of truncation – and thus the scope of activities and competence of the subsidiary – were market size and local industrial capabilities [dunning and narula, 2004]. countries with small markets and weak local industries had the most truncated subsidiaries, often only single-activity subsidiaries (sales and marketing or natural resource extraction). larger countries with domestic technological capacity (such as brazil and india) had the least truncated subsidiaries, often with research and development departments. with liberalisation, mne strategies on affiliate competence and scope have changed in four ways [dunning and narula, 2004]. first, there has been investment in new affiliates. second, there has been sequential investment in upgrading existing subsidiaries. third, there has been some downgrading of subsidiaries, whereby mnes have divested in response to location advantages elsewhere or reduced the level of competence and scope of subsidiaries. do we need a new agenda? 451 fourth, there has been some redistribution of ownership as the result of privatisation or acquisitions of local private firms. in many, but certainly not all, cases this also led to a downgrading of activities. mnes are taking advantage of liberalisation to concentrate production capacity in a few locations, exploiting scale and agglomeration economies, favourable location and strong capabilities. some miniature replicas have been downgraded to sales and marketing affiliates, with fewer opportunities for spillovers. countries that receive fdi with the highest potential for capability development are, ironically, those with strong domestic absorptive capacities. the article by lorentzen and barnes on south africa shows that domestic capacity – in the form of infrastructure or an efficient domestic industrial sector – is a primary determinant of high competence affiliates. they base their analysis on eight case studies in the south african automotive sector, and show that indigenous firms can compete with mnes, and – given the appropriate domestic capabilities and infrastructure – can maintain and improve their competitive advantages through indigenous innovation. like south africa, other countries have succeeded in attracting such fdi, notably mexico and the caribbean basin [eclac, 2000, 2001; mortimore, 2000]. in addition to providing a threshold level of domestic capabilities and infrastructure, these countries have invested in developing their knowledge base (although to a lesser extent in the case of mexico). mortimore [2000] argues that much of this fdi has created export platforms for mnes with limited benefits for the host countries [eclac, 2001]. this is a point reiterated by mytelka and barclay here in the case of trinidad, where fdi has not been leveraged to develop the skills and capabilities of local downstream and supporting firms. the state has largely failed to act as a facilitator to stimulate and support domestic absorptive capacities and linkages with mne affiliates. mne linkages fdi transfers technology to local firms in four ways: backward linkages, labour turnover, horizontal linkages and international technology spillovers. studies of backward linkages have identified various determinants, including those internal to mnes and those associated with host economies. the ability of the host economy to benefit from mne linkages has been found to depend crucially on the relative technological capabilities of recipient and transmitter: the greater the distance between them, the lower the intensity of linkages. again, mne motives and strategies matter. domestic market oriented affiliates generally purchase more locally than export-oriented firms because of lower quality requirements and technical specifications [reuber et al., 1973; altenburg, 2000]. mne affiliates are more likely to be integrated with host countries where they source relatively simple inputs [ganiatsos, 2000; carillo,
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