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good things come to those who wait
perkara-perkara yang baik datang kepada mereka yang menunggu
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good things come to those who hustle
perkara yang baik berlaku kepada mereka yang hiruk-pikuk
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through them has the truth come to you, and guidance, and reminder to those who believe.
dan telah datang kepadamu dalam berita ini kebenaran dan pengajaran serta peringatan bagi orang-orang yang beriman.
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nor do i believe that the hour of resurrection will ever come to pass. and even if i am returned to my lord, i shall find a better place than this."
dan aku tidak fikir, hari kiamat kan berlaku; dan kalaulah aku dikembalikan kepada tuhanku (sebagaimana kepercayaanmu), tentulah aku akan mendapat tempat kembali yang lebih baik daripada ini.
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those who dispute the signs of allah without any authority that may have come to them—[that is] greatly outrageous to allah and to those who have faith.
"(iaitu) orang-orang yang membantah mengenai maksud ayat-ayat allah dengan tidak ada sebarang bukti yang sampai kepada mereka (dari pihak yang diakui benarnya). (bantahan yang demikian) besar kebenciannya dan kemurkaannya di sisi hukum allah dan di sisi bawaan orang-orang yang beriman.
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success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it.” – henry david thoreau
saya mendengar apa yang anda katakan tetapi madu, getaran tidak berbohong!
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are the people astonished that a man who is one of them was commanded by us to warn them and to bring glad tidings to those who believe that they have a true precedence with their lord?
tidaklah patut adanya pada manusia yang ingkar itu perasaan hairan disebabkan kami telah wahyukan kepada seorang lelaki dari jenis mereka (nabi muhammad, dengan berfirman kepadanya): "berilah amaran kepada umat manusia (yang ingkar, dengan balasan azab) dan sampaikanlah berita yang mengembirakan kepada orang-orang yang beriman, bahawa bagi mereka ada persediaan yang sungguh mulia di sisi tuhan mereka (disebabkan amal-amal soleh yang mereka kerjakan).
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those who wait to see what befalls you, say in ease success comes to you from god: "were we not with you?"
(mereka yang munafik itu ialah) orang-orang yang sentiasa menunggu-nunggu (berlakunya sesuatu) kepada kamu; maka kalau kamu mendapat kemenangan dari allah (dalam sesuatu peperangan), berkatalah mereka (kepada kamu): "bukankah kami turut berjuang bersama-sama kamu?
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those who were proud shall say to those who were deemed weak: did we turn you away from the guidance after it had come to you?
orang-orang yang sombong takbur itu menjawab kepada orang-orang yang tertindas: kamikah yang telah menghalang kamu daripada menerima hidayah petunjuk sesudah ia datang kepada kamu?
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and those who were arrogant will say to those who were deemed weak: "did we keep you back from guidance after it had come to you?
orang-orang yang sombong takbur itu menjawab kepada orang-orang yang tertindas: kamikah yang telah menghalang kamu daripada menerima hidayah petunjuk sesudah ia datang kepada kamu?
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he replied, "certainly you have come to know that these have been sent by the lord of the heavens and the earth as lessons to people. pharaoh, i believe that you are doomed to perdition.
nabi musa menjawab: "sebenarnya engkau (hai firaun) telah pun mengetahui: tiadalah yang menurunkan mukjizat-mukjizat ini melainkan tuhan yang mencipta dan mentadbirkan langit dan bumi, sebagai bukti-bukti yang menerangkan kebenaran; dan sebenarnya aku fikir, engkau hai firaun, akan binasa".
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and we made the children of israel to pass through the sea, then firon and his hosts followed them for oppression and tyranny; until when drowning overtook him, he said: i believe that there is no god but he in whom the children of israel believe and i am of those who submit.
dan kami bawakan bani israil ke seberang laut merah, lalu dikejar oleh firaun dan tenteranya, dengan tujuan melakukan kezaliman dan pencerobohan, sehingga apabila firaun hampir tenggelam berkatalah ia (pada saat yang genting itu): "aku percaya, bahawa tiada tuhan melainkan yang dipercayai oleh bani israil, dan aku adalah dari orang-orang yang berserah diri (menurut perintah)".
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and we led the children of israel across the sea. then pharaoh and his hosts pursued them in iniquity and transgression until pharaoh cried out while he was drowning: 'i believe that there is no god but allah in whom the children of israel believe, and i am also one of those who submit to allah.
dan kami bawakan bani israil ke seberang laut merah, lalu dikejar oleh firaun dan tenteranya, dengan tujuan melakukan kezaliman dan pencerobohan, sehingga apabila firaun hampir tenggelam berkatalah ia (pada saat yang genting itu): "aku percaya, bahawa tiada tuhan melainkan yang dipercayai oleh bani israil, dan aku adalah dari orang-orang yang berserah diri (menurut perintah)".
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and we delivered the children of israel across the sea. pharaoh and his troops pursued them, defiantly and aggressively. until, when he was about to drown, he said, “i believe that there is no god except the one the children of israel believe in, and i am of those who submit.”
dan kami bawakan bani israil ke seberang laut merah, lalu dikejar oleh firaun dan tenteranya, dengan tujuan melakukan kezaliman dan pencerobohan, sehingga apabila firaun hampir tenggelam berkatalah ia (pada saat yang genting itu): "aku percaya, bahawa tiada tuhan melainkan yang dipercayai oleh bani israil, dan aku adalah dari orang-orang yang berserah diri (menurut perintah)".
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is it a wonder to the people that we inspired a man from among them: “warn mankind, and give good news to those who believe that they are on a sound footing with their lord”? the disbelievers said, “this is a manifest sorcerer.”
(setelah nabi muhammad memberi amaran dan menyampaikan berita yang mengembirakan) berkatalah orang-orang kafir (yang merasa hairan) itu: "sebenarnya (al-quran) ini ialah sihir yang terang nyata."
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so we brought the children of israel across the sea. pharaoh and his troops pursued them arrogantly and aggressively. when he was about to drown, [pharaoh] exclaimed, "i believe that there is no deity save him in whom the children of israel believe, and i am of those who surrender themselves to him!"
dan kami bawakan bani israil ke seberang laut merah, lalu dikejar oleh firaun dan tenteranya, dengan tujuan melakukan kezaliman dan pencerobohan, sehingga apabila firaun hampir tenggelam berkatalah ia (pada saat yang genting itu): "aku percaya, bahawa tiada tuhan melainkan yang dipercayai oleh bani israil, dan aku adalah dari orang-orang yang berserah diri (menurut perintah)".
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believers, when you go forth in the cause of god, make due investigation and do not say to those who offer you the greeting of peace, "you are no believer!" because you seek the good things of this life. with god there are good things in plenty.
(janganlah kamu gelap mata kepada daki dunia itu) kerana di sisi allah ada disediakan limpah kurnia yang banyak. demikianlah juga keadaan kamu dahulu (dapat diketahui oleh orang lain akan keislaman kamu dengan memberi salam atau mengucap kalimah syahadat), lalu allah mengurniakan nikmatnya kepada kamu.
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and even if you bring to those who have been given the book every sign they would not follow your qiblah, nor can you be a follower of their qiblah, neither are they the followers of each other's qiblah, and if you follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you, then you shall most surely be among the unjust.
demi sesungguhnya! kalau engkau menurut kehendak hawa nafsu mereka setelah datang kepadamu pengetahuan (yang telah diwahyukan kepadamu), sesungguhnya engkau, jika demikian, adalah dari golongan orang-orang yang zalim.
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last september, the united nations declared that, for the first time in human history, chronic non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes pose a greater health burden worldwide than do infectious diseases, contributing to 35 million deaths annually. this is not just a problem of the developed world. every country that has adopted the western diet — one dominated by low-cost, highly processed food — has witnessed rising rates of obesity and related diseases. there are now 30% more people who are obese than who are undernourished. economic development means that the populations of low- and middle-income countries are living longer, and therefore are more will have a normal lifespan. conversely, up to 40% of normal-weight people manifest the diseases that constitute the metabolic syndrome: diabetes, hypertension, lipid problems, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer and dementia. obesity is not the cause; rather, it is a marker for metabolic dysfunction, which is even more prevalent. the un announcement targets tobacco, alcohol and diet as the central risk factors in non-communicable disease. two of these three — tobacco and alcohol — are regulated by governments to protect public health, leaving one of the primary culprits behind this worldwide health crisis unchecked. of course, regulating food is more summary ● sugar consumption is linked to a rise in non-communicable disease ● sugar’s effects on the body can be similar to those of alcohol ● regulation could include tax, limiting sales during school hours, and placing age limits on purchasing illustration by mark smith 2 febru a ry 2012 | vol 482 | nat ure | 27 comment complicated — food is required, whereas tobacco and alcohol are non-essential consumables. the key question is: what aspects of the western diet should be the focus of intervention? denmark first chose, in october 2011, to tax foods high in saturated fat, despite the fact that most medical professionals no longer believe that fat is the primary culprit. but now, the country is considering taxing sugar as well — a more plausible and defensible step. indeed, rather than focusing on fat and salt — the current dietary ‘bogeymen’ of the us department of agriculture (usda) and the european food safety authority — we believe that attention should be turned to ‘added sugar’, defined as any sweetener containing the molecule fructose that is added to food in processing. over the past 50 years, consumption of sugar has tripled worldwide. in the united states, there is fierce controversy over the pervasive use of one particular added sugar — high-fructose corn syrup (hfcs). it is manufactured from corn syrup (glucose), processed to yield a roughly equal mixture of glucose and fructose. most other developed countries eschew hfcs, relying on naturally occurring sucrose as an added sugar, which also consists of equal parts glucose and fructose. authorities consider sugar as ‘empty calories’ — but there is nothing empty about these calories. a growing body of scientific evidence shows that fructose can trigger processes that lead to liver toxicity and a host of other chronic diseases1 . a little is not a problem, but a lot kills—slowly (see ‘deadly effect’). if international bodies are truly concerned about public health, they must consider limiting fructose — and its main delivery vehicles, the added sugars hfcs and sucrose — which pose dangers to individuals and to society as a whole. no ordinary commodity in 2003, social psychologist thomas babor and his colleagues published a landmark book called alcohol: no ordinary commodity, in which they established four criteria, now largely accepted by the public-health community, that justify the regulation of alcohol — unavoidability (or pervasiveness throughout society), toxicity, potential for abuse and negative impact on society2 . sugar meets the same criteria, and we believe that it similarly warrants some form of societal intervention. first, consider unavoidability. evolutionarily, sugar as fruit was available to our ancestors for only a few months a year (at harvest time), or as honey, which was guarded by bees. but in recent years, sugar has been added to virtually every processed food, limiting consumer choice3 . nature made sugar hard to get; man made it easy. in many parts of the world, people are consuming an average of more than 500 calories per day from added sugar alone (see ‘the global sugar glut’). now, let’s consider toxicity. a growing body of epidemiological and mechanistic evidence argues that excessive sugar consumption affects human health beyond simply adding calories4 . importantly, sugar induces all of the diseases associated with metabolic syndrome1,5. this includes: hypertension (fructose increases uric acid, which raises blood pressure); high triglycerides and insulin resistance through synthesis of fat in the liver; diabetes from increased liver glucose production combined with insulin resistance; and the ageing process, caused by damage to lipids, proteins and dna through nonenzymatic binding of fructose to these molecules. it can also be argued that fructose exerts toxic effects on the liver similar to those of alcohol1 . this is no surprise, because alcohol is derived from the fermentation of sugar. some early studies have also linked sugar consumption to human cancer and cognitive decline. sugar also has a clear potential for abuse. like tobacco and alcohol, it acts on the brain to encourage subsequent intake. there are now numerous studies examining the dependence-producing properties of sugar in humans6 . specifically, sugar dampens the suppression of the hormone ghrelin, which signals hunger to the brain. it also interferes with the normal transport and signalling of the hormone leptin, which helps to produce the feeling of satiety. and it reduces dopamine signalling in the brain’s reward centre, thereby decreasing the pleasure derived from food and compelling the individual to consume more1,6. finally, consider the negative effects of sugar on society. passive smoking and drink-driving fatalities provided strong arguments for tobacco and alcohol control, respectively. the long-term economic, health-care and human costs of metabolic syndrome place sugar overconsumption in the same category7 . the united states spends $65 billion in lost productivity and $150 billion on health-care resources annually for co-morbidities associated with metabolic syndrome. seventy-five per cent of all us health-care dollars are now spent on treating these diseases and resultant disabilities. because 75% of military applicants are now rejected for obesity-related reasons, the past three us surgeons general and the chairman of the us joint chiefs of staff have declared obesity a “threat to national security”. how to intervene how can we reduce sugar consumption? after all, sugar is natural. sugar is a nutrient. sugar is pleasure. so is alcohol, but in both cases, too much of a good thing is toxic. it may be helpful to look to the many generations of international experience with alcohol and tobacco to find models that work8,9. so far, evidence shows that individually focused approaches, such as school-based interventions that teach children about diet and exercise, demonstrate little efficacy. conversely, for both alcohol and tobacco, there is robust evidence that gentle ‘supply side’ control strategies which stop far short of all-out prohibition — taxation, distribution controls, age limits — lower both consumption of the product and accompanying health harms. successful interventions all share a common end-point: curbing availability2,8,9. taxing alcohol and tobacco products — in the form of special excise duties, value added taxes and sales taxes — are the most popular deadly effect excessive consumption of fructose can cause many of the same health problems as alcohol. chronic ethanol exposure chronic fructose exposure hematologic disorders electrolyte abnormalities hypertension hypertension (uric acid) cardiac dilatation cardiomyopathy myocardial infarction (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance) dyslipidemia dyslipidemia (de novo lipogenesis) pancreatitis pancreatitis (hypertriglyceridemia) obesity (insulin resistance) obesity (insulin resistance) malnutrition malnutrition (obesity) hepatic dysfunction (alcoholic steatohepatitis) hepatic dysfunction (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) fetal alcohol syndrome addiction habituation, if not addiction source: ref. 1 “sugar is cheap, sugar tastes good, and sugar sells, so companies have little incentive to change.” 28 | nat ure | vol 482 | 2 febru a ry 2012 comment and effective ways to reduce smoking and drinking, and in turn, substance abuse and related harms2 . consequently, we propose adding taxes to processed foods that contain any form of added sugars, such as hfcs and sucrose. this would include sweetened fizzy drinks (soda) and other sugar-sweetened beverages (for example, juice, sports drinks and chocolate milk), and also sugared cereal. already, canada and some european countries impose small additional taxes on some sweetened foods. the united states is currently considering a penny-per-ounce soda tax (about 34 cents per litre), which would raise the price of a can of soda by 10–12 cents. currently, each us citizen consumes an average of 216 litres of soda per year, of which 58% contains sugar; taxing at a penny an ounce could provide annual revenues in excess of $45 per capita (roughly $14 billion per year); however, this would be unlikely to reduce total consumption. statistical modelling suggests that the price would have to double to significantly reduce soda consumption — so a $1 can of soda should cost $2 (ref. 10). other successful tobacco- and alcoholcontrol strategies limit availability, such as reducing the hours that retailers are open, controlling the location and density of retail markets and limiting who can legally purchase the products2,9. a reasonable parallel for sugar would tighten licensing requirements on vending machines and snack bars that sell sugary products in schools and workplaces. many schools have removed soda and candy from vending machines, but often replaced them with juice and sports drinks, which also contain added sugar. states could apply zoning ordinances to control the number of fast-food outlets and convenience stores in low-income communities, and especially around schools, while providing incentives for the establishment of grocery stores and farmer’s markets. another option would be to limit sales during school operation, or to designate an age limit (such as 17) for the purchase of drinks with added sugar, particularly soda. indeed, parents in south philadelphia, pennsylvania, recently took this upon themselves by lining up outside convenience stores and blocking children from entering them after school. why couldn’t a public-health directive do the same? the possible dream government-imposed regulations on the marketing of alcohol to young people have been quite effective, but there is no such approach to sugar-laden products. even so, the city of san francisco, california, recently instituted a ban on including toys with unhealthy meals such as some types of fast food. a limit — or, ideally, ban — on television commercials for products with added sugars could further protect children’s health. reduced fructose consumption could also be fostered through changes in subsidization. promotion of healthy foods in us low-income programmes, such as the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants and children and the supplemental nutrition assistance program (also known as the food-stamps programme) is an obvious place to start. unfortunately, the petition by new york city to remove soft drinks from the food-stamp programme was denied by the usda. ultimately, food producers and distributors must reduce the amount of sugar added to foods. but sugar is cheap, sugar tastes good, and sugar sells, so companies have little incentive to change. although one institution alone can’t turn this juggernaut around, the us food and drug administration could “set the table” for change8 . to start, it should consider removing fructose from the generally regarded as safe (gras) list, which allows food manufacturers to add unlimited amounts to any food. opponents will argue that other nutrients on the gras list, such as iron and vitamins a and d, can also be toxic when over-consumed. however, unlike sugar, these substances have no abuse potential. removal from the gras list would send a powerful signal to the european food safety authority and the rest of the world. regulating sugar will not be easy — particularly in the ‘emerging markets’ of developing countries where soft drinks are often cheaper than potable water or milk. we recognize that societal intervention to reduce the supply and demand for sugar faces an uphill political battle against a powerful sugar lobby, and will require active engagement from all stakeholders. still, the food industry knows that it has a problem — even vigorous lobbying by fast-food companies couldn’t defeat the toy ban in san francisco. with enough clamour for change, tectonic shifts in policy become possible. take, for instance, bans on smoking in public places and the use of designated drivers, not to mention airbags in cars and condom dispensers in public bathrooms. these simple measures — which have all been on the battleground of american politics — are now taken for granted as essential tools for our public health and wellbeing. it’s time to turn our attention to sugar. ■ robert h. lustig is in the department of pediatrics and the center for obesity assessment, study and treatment at the university of california, san francisco, california 94143, usa. laura a. schmidt and claire d. brindis are at the clinical and translational science institute and the philip r. lee institute for health policy studies, university of california, san francisco, california 94118, usa. e-mail: rlustig@peds.ucsf.edu 1. lustig, r. h. j. am. diet. assoc. 110
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