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the increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.
meningkatnya penggunaan agen penyanitasi karena kemudahan penggunaan dan aktivitas pembunuhan yang cepat terhadap mikroorganisme; namun, agen penyanitasi seharusnya tidak digunakan sebagai pengganti cuci tangan yang benar, kecuali sabun dan air tidak tersedia.

g2.2.1. soil organic carbon carbon availability is a key component of the denitrification process. early research showed that denitrification is greatly influenced by c availability, with denitrification rates of (nitrate) no3-n remaining low when c was unavailable despite high n concentrations, but increasing rapidly in response to c addition [38]. depending on the source of organic n amendments, addition of organic material to soils may increase n2o emissions by providing the necessary c substrates for driving microbial nitrification and denitrification processes [34,39]. similarly, n2o emissions tend to increase with the c:n of soil, due in part to the potential for reduced plant n uptake and increased microbial consumption of inorganic n during soil organic matter decomposition [20]. manure application increases total organic c and total n pools in soil at levels proportional to the application rate [40]. when comparing soil with a history of manure application to a non-manured soil, it was found that n2o emissions were nearly 25 times greater from manured soil [41]. in contrast to organic amendments, inorganic n fertilizers do not provide additional c substrate, but this will not necessarily lead to lower emissions. moreover, addition of inorganic n fertilizer can have a priming effect on soil microbial communities which facilitates more rapid decomposition of soil organic matter [42], potentially also increasing n2o emissions. 2.2.2. soil aggregation, drainage, and moisture the relationship between water-filled pore space (wfps), drainage, and n2o emissions is not completely understood. generally, n2o emissions are greatest following a significant increase in soil water content after a rainfall or irrigation event [22], likely due to a flush of microbial activity from soil wetting and drying events [43]. both denitrification and nitrification processes contributing to n2o emissions are stimulated at high wfps, with nitrification playing a larger role as soils dry down [32]. soils with restricted drainage, even if they are not completely water-saturated, are particularly prone to greatern2o emissions [2]. for example, fine-textured soils that typically are associated with greater soil water content tend to have higher n2o emissions [20]. thus, an important opportunity for decreasing emissions is to increase soil aeration, potentially through soil amendments or changes in soil structure. increased aggregate stability can create larger soil pores between aggregates in fine-textured soils, and greater pore sizes may increase oxygen (o2) content, which has been shown to decrease n2o emissions [32]. accordingly, soils managed with organic amendments tend to have greater aggregate stability compared to those managed with inorganic fertilizer [25], therefore the addition of organic amendments may reduce n2o emissions, especially in fine-textured soils. at the same time, it must be considered that organic amendments can increase soil water holding capacity, particularly for coarse-textured soils. in addition, because o2 concentrations in soil pores are determined by water content as well as microbial activity, elevated microbial respiration in response to higher c availability in organic inputs may decrease o2 content and increase n2o emissions [34]. the extent to which these physical and biological processes may interact to increase or decrease soil water content will largely depend on initial soil texture. soils with lower water holding capacity may be more likely to experience increases in soil water content following addition of organic n inputs, whereas soils with initially higher water holding capacity may benefit more greatly from increased pore size, in turn leading to increased o2 concentrations and decreased n2o emissions.ogle translate
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