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lithospherethe
limnic eruptions are a rare, but potentially deadly class of natural disaster, in which toxic gases are rapidly expelled from a saturated lake. the gas, in observed cases was carbon dioxide, which was unevenly distributed in the lake, causing part of the water to be saturated. volcanically active regions are particularly prone to this, as a eruptions may leave depressions for lakes to form in. once the lake is formed, volcanic gases, such a co2 or methane can seep into the water, and begin to accumulate in the cooler bottom waters, due to the higher saturation point than that of the warmer water above. this can also be the case when decaying organic matter is producing large amounts of gas. once this gradient is established, anything that disturbs the water can trigger a release of the gas, with disastrous effects on the surrounding environs. the dense cloud of released gas may stay low to the ground, being denser than normal air, and forming a poisonous fog.

lithospherethe word lithosphere is derived from the word sphere, combined with the greek word lithos, meaning rock . the lithosphere is the solid outer section of earth, which includes earth's crust (the "skin" of rock on the outer layer of planet earth), as well as the underlying cool, dense, and rigid upper part of the upper mantle. the lithosphere extends from the surface of earth to a depth of about 44–62 mi (70–100 km). this relatively cool and rigid section of earth is believed to "float" on top of the warmer, non-rigid, and partially melted material directly below. earth is made up of several layers. the outermost layer is called earth's crust. the thickness of the crust varies. under the oceans , the crust is only about 3–5 mi (5–10 km) thick. under the continents, however, the crust thickens to about 22 mi (35 km) and reaches depths of up to 37 mi (60 km) under some mountain ranges. beneath the crust is a layer of rock material that is also solid, rigid, and relatively cool, but is assumed to be made up of denser material. this layer is called the upper part of the upper mantle, and varies in depth from about 31–62 mi (50–100 km) below earth's surface. the combination of the crust and this upper part of the upper mantle, which are both comprised of relatively cool and rigid rock material, is called the lithosphere. below the lithosphere, the temperature is believed to reach 1,832°f (1,000°c), which is warm enough to allow rock material to flow if pressurized. seismic evidence suggests that there is also some molten material at this depth (perhaps about 10%). this zone which lies directly below the lithosphere is called the asthenosphere , from the greek word asthenes, meaning weak. the lithosphere, including both the solid portion of the upper mantle and earth's crust, is carried "piggyback" on top of the weaker, less rigid asthenosphere, which seems to be in continual motion. this motion creates stress in the rigid rock layers above it, forcing the slabs or plates of the lithosphere to jostle against each other, much like ice cubes floating in a bowl of swirling water . this motion of the lithospheric plates is known as plate tectonics , and is responsible for many of the movements seen on earth's surface today including earthquakes, certain types of volcanic activity, and continental drift. last update:2016-02-21 subject: science quality: excellent
lithospherethe word lithosphere is derived from the word sphere, combined with the greek word lithos, meaning rock . the lithosphere is the solid outer section of earth, which includes earth's crust (the "skin" of rock on the outer layer of planet earth), as well as the underlying cool, dense, and rigid upper part of the upper mantle. the lithosphere extends from the surface of earth to a depth of about 44–62 mi (70–100 km). this relatively cool and rigid section of earth is believed to "float" on top of the warmer, non-rigid, and partially melted material directly below. earth is made up of several layers. the outermost layer is called earth's crust. the thickness of the crust varies. under the oceans , the crust is only about 3–5 mi (5–10 km) thick. under the continents, however, the crust thickens to about 22 mi (35 km) and reaches depths of up to 37 mi (60 km) under some mountain ranges. beneath the crust is a layer of rock material that is also solid, rigid, and relatively cool, but is assumed to be made up of denser material. this layer is called the upper part of the upper mantle, and varies in depth from about 31–62 mi (50–100 km) below earth's surface. the combination of the crust and this upper part of the upper mantle, which are both comprised of relatively cool and rigid rock material, is called the lithosphere. below the lithosphere, the temperature is believed to reach 1,832°f (1,000°c), which is warm enough to allow rock material to flow if pressurized. seismic evidence suggests that there is also some molten material at this depth (perhaps about 10%). this zone which lies directly below the lithosphere is called the asthenosphere , from the greek word asthenes, meaning weak. the lithosphere, including both the solid portion of the upper mantle and earth's crust, is carried "piggyback" on top of the weaker, less rigid asthenosphere, which seems to be in continual motion. this motion creates stress in the rigid rock layers above it, forcing the slabs or plates of the lithosphere to jostle against each other, much like ice cubes floating in a bowl of swirling water . this motion of the lithospheric plates is known as plate tectonics , and is responsible for many of the movements seen on earth's surface today including earthquakes, certain types of volcanic activity, and continental drift.