Добавлены профессиональными переводчиками и компаниями и на основе веб-страниц и открытых баз переводов.
=== 15. yüzyıl ===osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve heterodoks toplumlar arasında büyük bir hoşnutsuzluk başlamış ve 15. yüzyılda İmparatorluk içinde artan sayıda başkaldırılar ve problemler oluşmuştur.
=== the 15th century ===the ottoman state must have caused major discontent among heterodox groups, since a growing number of rebellions and problems occurred within the empire from the 15th century.
başlıca kodlar şunlardır:* jel: a - genel ekonomi and Çalışmalar* jel: b - İktisadi düşünce okulları vemetodoloji* jel: c - matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar* jel: d - mikroekonomi* jel: e - makroekonomi ve monetarizm* jel: f - uluslararası ekonomi* jel: g - finansal ekonomi* jel: h - kamu ekonomisi* jel: i - sağlık, eğitim, and refah ekonomisi* jel: j - Çalışma* jel: k - hukuk ve ekonomi* jel: l - endüstriyel organizasyon* jel: m - İşletme yönetimi and İşletme ekonomisi; pazarlama; muhasebe* jel: n - ekonomi tarihi* jel: o - İktisadi kalkınma, teknolojik değişim ve büyüme* jel: p - ekonomik sistemler* jel: q - tarım ekonomisi, doğal kaynak ekonomisi, Çevresel ekonomi ve ekolojik ekonomi* jel: r - kent, kırsal, ve bölgesel* jel: y - Çeşitli kategoriler* jel: z - diğer özel başlıklar== genel ekonomi ve çalışmalar jel: a alt kategoriler ==:kategori:genel ekonomijel: a1 - genel ekonomi::jel: a10 - genel::jel: a11 - ekonominin rolü, ekonomistlerin rolü, economistler için piyasa::jel: a12 - ekonominin diğer disiplinlerle İlişkisi::jel: a13 - sosyal değerlerle ekonominin ilişkisi::jel: a14 - sociology of economics::jel: a19 - diğerjel: a2 - economics education and teaching of economics::jel: a20 - genel::jel: a21 - pre-college::jel: a22 - undergraduate::jel: a23 - graduate::jel: a29 - diğerjel: a3 - multisubject collective works::jel: a30 - genel::jel: a31 - multisubject collected writings of individuals::jel: a32 - multisubject volumes::jel: a39 - diğer== ekonomik düşünce okulları ve metodoloji jel: b alt kategoriler ==:kategori:schools of economic thought and methodologyjel: b0 - genel::jel: b00 - geneljel: b1 - ekonomik düşünce tarihi through 1925::jel: b10 - genel::jel: b11 - klasik öncesi::jel: b12 - klasik::jel: b13 - yeni klasik düşünce 1925::jel: b14 - socialist; marksist::jel: b15 - historical; institutional::jel: b16 - history of economic thought: quantitative and mathematical::jel: b19 - diğerjel: b2 - ekonomik düşünce tarihi 1925'den beri::jel: b20 - genel::jel: b21 - mikroekonomi::jel: b22 - makroekonomi::jel: b23 - ekonomik düşünce tarihi, ekonometri, kantitif & matematiksel çalışmalar::jel: b24 - sosyalizm; marxist; sraffian::jel: b25 - historical; institutional; evolutionary; austrian::jel: b29 - diğerjel: b3 - düşünce tarihi: kişiler::jel: b30 - genel::jel: b31 - kişiler::jel: b32 - obituariesjel: b4 - ekonomik metodloji::jel: b40 - genel::jel: b41 - ekonomik metodoloji::jel: b49 - diğerjel: b5 - mevcut heterodoks yaklaşımlar::jel: b50 - genel::jel: b51 - sosyalist, marksist, sraffian::jel: b52 - kurumsal ekonomi; evrimci ekonomi::jel: b53 - avusturya::jel: b54 - feminist ekonomi::jel: b59 - diğer== matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar jel: c alt kategoriler ==:kategori:matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar (ekonomi)_jel: c0 - genel::jel: c00 - genel::jel: c01 - ekonometri::jel: c02 - matematiksel metotlarjel: c1 - ekonometri ve İstatistiksel metotlar: genel::jel: c10 - genel::jel: c11 - bayesian analiz::jel: c12 - hipotez testleri::jel: c13 - tahmin teorisi::jel: c14 - yarı parametrik and nonparametrik metotlar::jel: c15 - İstatistiksel simulasyon metotları::jel: c16 - İstatistiksel dağılımlar::jel: c16 - Özel dağılımlar::jel: c19 - diğerjel: c2 - econometric methods: single equation models;single variables::jel: c20 - genel::jel: c21 - cross-sectional models; spatial models; treatment effect models::jel: c22 - time-series models::jel: c23 - panel data::jel: c34 - truncated and censored models::jel: c25 - discrete regression; qualitative choice models::jel: c29 - diğerjel: c3 - econometric methods: multiple or simultaneous equation models::jel: c30 - genel::jel: c31 - cross-sectional models; spatial models; treatment effect models::jel: c32 - time-series models::jel: c33 - models with panel data::jel: c34 - truncated and censored models::jel: c35 - discrete regression and qualitative choice models::jel: c39 - diğerjel: c4 - ekonometrik ve istatistiksel metodlar: Özel başlıklar::jel: c40 - genel::jel: c41 - duration analysis::jel: c42 - survey methods::jel: c43 - index numbers aggregation::jel: c44 - statistical decision theory; operations research::jel: c45 - neural networks and related topics::jel: c46 - specific distributions::jel: c49 - diğerjel: c5 - ekonometrik modelleme::jel: c50 - genel::jel: c51 - model belirleme ve tahmin::jel: c52 - model evaluation and testing::jel: c53 - forecasting and diğer model uygulamaları::jel: c59 - diğerjel: c6 - matematiksel ekonomi ve programlama::jel: c60 - genel::jel: c61 - optimizasyon teknikleri; programlama modelleri; dinamik analiz::jel: c62 - existence and stability conditions of equilibrium::jel: c63 - computational techniques::jel: c65 - miscellaneous mathematical tools::jel: c67 - input–output models::jel: c68 - computable genel equilibrium models::jel: c69 - diğerjel: c7 - game theory and bargaining theory::jel: c70 - genel::jel: c71 - cooperative games::jel: c72 - noncooperative games::jel: c73 - stochastic and dynamic games; evolutionary games; repeated games::jel: c78 - bargaining theory; matching theory::jel: c79 - diğerjel: c8 - data collection and data estimation methodology; computer programs::jel: c80 - genel::jel: c81 - methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data::jel: c82 - methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data::jel: c87 - econometric software::jel: c88 - diğer computer software::jel: c89 - diğerjel: c9 - deneysel ekonomi::jel: c90 - genel::jel: c91 - laboratory, individual behavior::jel: c92 - laboratory, group behavior::jel: c93 - field experiments::jel: c99 - diğer== mikroekonomi jel: d alt kategoriler ==jel: d0 - genel::jel: d00 - genel::jel: d01 - microeconomic behavior: underlying principles::jel: d02 - institutions: design, formation, and operationsjel: d1 - hanehalkı davranışları ve ev ekonomisi::jel: d10 - genel::jel: d11 - tüketici teorisi::jel: d12 -::jel: d13 - household production and intrahousehold allocation::jel: d14 - personal finance::jel: d18 - consumer protection::jel: d19 - diğerjel: d2 - Üretim ve organizasyon::jel: d20 - genel::jel: d21 - firma davranışları::jel: d23 - organizational behavior; transaction costs; property rights::jel: d24 - production; capital and total factor productivity; capacity::jel: d29 - diğerjel: d3 - distribution::jel: d30 - genel::jel: d31 - personal income, wealth, and their distributions::jel: d33 - factor income distribution::jel: d39 - diğerjel: d4 - piyasa yapısı ve fiyatlama::jel: d40 - genel::jel: d41 - tam rekabet::jel: d42 - monopol::jel: d43 - oligopol and diğer piyasa başarısızlıkları::jel: d44 - auctions::jel: d45 - rationing; licensing::jel: d46 - value theory::jel: d49 - diğerjel: d5 - genel equilibrium and disequilibrium::jel: d50 - genel::jel: d51 - exchange and production economies::jel: d52 - incomplete markets::jel: d57 - input–output tables and analysis::jel: d58 - computable and diğer applied genel equilibrium models::jel: d59 - diğerjel: d6 - refah ekonomisi::jel: d60 - genel::jel: d61 - allocative efficiency; cost-benefit analysis::jel: d62 - externalities::jel: d63 - equity, justice, inequality, and diğer normative criteria and measurement::jel: d64 - altruism::jel: d69 - diğerjel: d7 - analysis of collective decision-making::jel: d70 - genel::jel: d71 - social choice; clubs; committees; associations::jel: d72 - economic models of political processes: rent-seeking, elections, legislatures, and voting behavior::jel: d73 - bureaucracy; administrative processes in public organizations; corruption::jel: d74 - conflict; conflict resolution; alliances::jel: d78 - positive analysis of policy-making and implementation::jel: d79 - diğerjel: d8 - information, knowledge, and uncertainty::jel: d80 - genel::jel d81 - criteria for decision-making under risk and uncertainty::jel: d82 - asymmetric and private information::jel: d83 - search; learning; information and knowledge::jel: d84 - expectations; speculation::jel: d85 - network formation::jel: d86 - economics of contract law::jel: d89 - diğerjel: d9 - intertemporal choice and growth::jel: d90 - genel::jel: d91 - intertemporal consumer choice; life cycle models and saving::jel: d92 - intertemporal firm choice and growth, investment, or financing::jel: d99 - diğer== makroekonomicroeconomics and monetary economics jel: e subcategories ==jel: e - macroeconomics and monetary economics:kategori:macroeconomics and monetary economicsjel: e0 - genel::jel: e00 - genel::jel: e01 - measurement and data on national income and product accounts and wealth::jel: e02 - institutions and the macroeconomyjel: e1 - genel aggregative models::jel: e10 - genel::jel: e11 - marxian; sraffian; institutional; evolutionary::jel: e12 - keynes; keynesian; post-keynesian::jel: e13 - neoclassical::jel: e17 - forecasting and simulation::jel: e19 - diğerjel: e2 - macroeconomics: consumption, saving, production, employment, and investment::jel: e20 - genel::jel: e21 - consumption; saving; wealth::jel: e22 - capital; investment (including inventories); capacity::jel: e23 - production::jel: e24 - employment; unemployment; wages; intergenerational income distribution; aggregate human capital::jel: e25 - aggregate factor income distribution::jel: e26 - informal economy; underground economy::jel: e27 - forecasting and simulation::jel: e29 - diğerjel: e3 - prices, business fluctuations, and cycles::jel: e30 - genel::jel: e31 - price level; inflation; deflation::jel: e32 - business fluctuations; cycles::jel: e37 - forecasting and simulation::jel: e39 - diğerjel: e4 - money and interest rates::jel: e40 - genel::jel: e41 - demand for money::jel: e42 - monetary systems; standards; regimes; government and the monetary system; payment systems::jel: e43 - determination of interest rates; term structure of interest rates::jel: e44 - financial markets and the macroeconomy::jel: e47 - forecasting and simulation::jel: e49 - diğerjel: e5 - monetary policy, central banking, and the supply of money and credit::jel: e50 - genel::jel: e51 - money supply; credit; money multipliers::jel: e52 - monetary policy::jel: e58 - central banks and their policies::jel: e59 - diğerjel: e6 - macroeconomic policy formation, macroeconomic aspects of public finance, macroeconomic policy, and genel outlook::jel: e60 - genel::jel: e61 - policy objectives; policy designs and consistency; policy coordination::jel: e62 - fiscal policy; public expenditures, investment, and finance; taxation::jel: e63 - comparative or joint analysis of fiscal and monetary policy; stabilization::jel: e64 - incomes policy; price policy::jel: e65 - studies of particular policy episodes::jel: e66 - genel outlook and conditions::jel: e69 - diğer== international economics jel: f subcategories ==jel: f - international economics:kategori:international economicsjel: f0 - genel::jel: f00 - genel::jel: f01 - global outlook::jel: f02 - international economic order; noneconomic international organizations •economic integration and globalization: geneljel: f1 - trade::jel: f10 - genel::jel: f11 - neoclassical models of trade::jel: f12 - models of trade with imperfect competition and scale economies::jel: f13 - commercial policy; protection; promotion; trade negotiations; international organizations::jel: f14 - country and industry studies of trade::jel: f15 - economic integration::jel: f16 - trade and labor market interactions::jel: f17 - trade forecasting and simulation::jel: f18 - trade and environment::jel: f19 - diğerjel: f2 - international factor movements and international business::jel: f20 - genel::jel: f21 - international investment; long-term capital movements::jel: f22 - international migration::jel: f23 - multinational firms; international business::jel: f29 - diğerjel: f3 - international finance::jel: f30 - genel::jel: f31 - foreign exchange::jel: f32 - current account adjustment; short-term capital movements::jel: f33 - international monetary arrangements and institutions::jel: f34 - international lending and debt problems::jel: f35 - foreign aid::jel: f36 - financial aspects of economic integration::jel: f37 - international finance forecasting and simulation::jel: f39 - diğerjel: f4 - macroeconomic aspects of international trade and finance::jel: f40 - genel::jel: f41 - open economy macroeconomics::jel: f42 - international policy coordination and transmission::jel: f43 - economic growth of open economies::jel: f47 - forecasting and simulation::jel: f49 - diğer== financial economics jel: g subcategories ==jel: g - financial economics:kategori:financial economicsjel: g0 - genel::jel: g00 - genel::jel: g01 - financial crisesjel: g1 - genel financial markets::jel: g10 - genel::jel: g11 - portfolio choice; investment decisions::jel: g12 - asset pricing; trading volume; bond interest rates::jel: g13 - contingent pricing; futures pricing::jel: g14 - information and market efficiency; event studies::jel: g15 - international financial markets::jel: g17 - financial forecasting::jel: g18 - government policy and regulation::jel: g19 - diğerjel: g2 - financial institutions and services::jel: g20 - genel::jel: g21 - banks; diğer depository institutions; micro finance institutions; mortgages::jel: g22 - insurance; insurance companies::jel: g23 - pension funds; diğer private financial institutions::jel: g24 - investment banking; venture capital; brokerage; ratings and ratings agencies::jel: g28 - government policy and regulation::jel: g29 - diğerjel: g3 - corporate finance and governance::jel: g30 - genel::jel: g31 - capital budgeting; fixed investment and inventory studies::jel: g32 - financing policy; financial risk and risk management; capital and ownership structure::jel: g33 - bankruptcy; liquidation::jel: g34 - mergers; acquisitions; restructuring; corporate governance::jel: g35 - payout policy::jel: g38 - government policy and regulation::jel: g39 - diğer== public economics jel: h subcategories ==jel: h - public economics:kategori:public economicsjel: h0 - genel::jel: h00 - geneljel: h1 - structure and scope of government::jel: h10 - genel::jel: h11 - structure, scope, and performance of government::jel: h19 - diğerjel: h2 - taxation, subsidies, and revenue::jel: h20 - genel::jel: h21 - efficiency; optimal taxation::jel: h22 - incidence::jel: h23 - externalities; redistributive effects; environmental taxes and subsidies::jel: h24 - personal income and diğer nonbusiness taxes and subsidies::jel: h25 - business taxes and subsidies::jel: h26 - tax evasion::jel: h27 - diğer sources of revenue::jel: h29 - diğerjel: h3 - fiscal policies and behavior of economic agents::jel: h30 - genel::jel: h31 - household::jel: h32 - firm::jel: h39 - diğerjel: h4 - publicly provided goods::jel: h40 - genel::jel: h41 - public goods::jel: h42 - publicly provided private goods::jel: h43 - project evaluation; social discount rate::jel: h49 - diğerjel: h5 - national government expenditures and related policies::jel: h50 - genel::jel: h51 - government expenditures and health::jel: h52 - government expenditures and education::jel: h53 - government expenditures and welfare programs::jel: h54 - infrastructures; diğer public investment and capital stock::jel: h55 - social security and public pensions::jel: h56 - national security and war::jel: h57 - procurement::jel: h59 - diğerjel: h6 - national budget, deficit, and debt::jel: h60 - genel::jel: h61 - budget; budget systems::jel: h62 - deficit; surplus::jel: h63 - debt; debt management::jel: h69 - diğerjel: h7 - state and local government; intergovernmental relations::jel: h70 - genel::jel: h71 - state and local taxation, subsidies, and revenue::jel: h72 - state and local budget and expenditures::jel: h73 - interjurisdictional differentials and their effects::jel: h74 - state and local borrowing::jel: h77 - intergovernmental relations; federalism::jel: h79 - diğerjel: h8 - miscellaneous issues::jel: h80 - genel::jel: h81 - governmental loans, loan guarantees, and credits::jel: h82 - governmental property::jel: h83 - public administration::jel: h87 - international fiscal issues; international public goods::jel: h89 - diğer== health, education, and welfare jel: i subcategories ==jel: i - health, education, and welfare:kategori:health, education, and welfare economicsjel: i0 - genel::jel: i00 - geneljel: i1 - health::jel: i10 - genel::jel: i11 - analysis of health care markets::jel: i12 - health production: nutrition, mortality, morbidity, substance abuse and addiction, disability, and economic behavior::jel: i18 - government policy; regulation; public health::jel: i19 - diğerjel: i2 - education::jel: i20 - genel::jel: i21 - analysis of education::jel: i22 - educational finance::jel: i23 - higher education research institutions::jel: i28 - government policy::jel: i29 - diğerjel: i3 - welfare and poverty::jel: i30 - genel::jel: i31 - genel welfare; basic needs; living standards; quality of life; happiness::jel: i32 - measurement and analysis of poverty::jel: i38 - government policy; provision and effects of welfare programs::jel: i39 - diğer== labor and demographic economics jel: j subcategories ==jel: j - labor and demographic economics:kategori:labor and demographic economics:kategori:labor:kategori:demographic economicsjel: j0 - genel::jel: j00 - geneljel: j1 - demographic economics::jel: j10 - genel::jel: j11 - demographic trends and forecasts::jel: j12 - marriage; marital dissolution; family structure::jel: j13 - fertility; family planning; child care; children; youth::jel: j14 - economics of the elderly; economics of the handicapped::jel: j15 - economics of minorities and races; non-labor discrimination::jel: j16 - economics of gender; non-labor discrimination::jel: j17 - value of life; foregone income::jel: j18 - public policy::jel: j19 - diğerjel: j2 - time allocation, work behavior, and employment determination and creation; human capital::jel: j20 - genel::jel: j21 - labor force and employment, size, and structure::jel: j22 - time allocation and labor supply::jel: j23 - employment determination; job creation; demand for labor; self-employment::jel: j24 - human capital; skills; occupational choice; labor productivity::jel: j26 - retirement; retirement policies::jel: j28 - safety; accidents; industrial health; job satisfaction; related public policy::jel: j29 - diğerjel: j3 - wages, compensation, and labor costs::jel: j30 - genel::jel: j31 - wage level and structure; wage differentials by skill, training, occupation, etc.
==general economics and teaching jel: a subcategories==:category:general economicsjel: a1 – general economics::jel: a10 – general::jel: a11 – role of economics; role of economists; market for economists::jel: a12 – relation of economics to other disciplines::jel: a13 – relation of economics to social values::jel: a14 – sociology of economics::jel: a19 – otherjel: a2 – economic education and teaching of economics::jel: a20 – general::jel: a21 – pre-college::jel: a22 – undergraduate::jel: a23 – graduate::jel: a29 – otherjel: a3 – collective works::jel: a30 – general::jel: a31 – collected writings of individuals::jel: a32 – volumes::jel: a33 – handbooks::jel: a39 – other==history of economic thought, methodology, and heterodox approaches jel: b subcategories==:category:history of economic thought, methodology, and heterodox approachesjel: b0 – general::jel: b00 – generaljel: b1 – history of economic thought through 1925::jel: b10 – general::jel: b11 – preclassical::jel: b12 – classical::jel: b13 – neoclassical through 1925::jel: b14 – socialist; marxist::jel: b15 – historical; institutional::jel: b16 – history of economic thought: quantitative and mathematical::jel: b19 – otherjel: b2 – history of economic thought since 1925::jel: b20 – general::jel: b21 – microeconomics::jel: b22 – macroeconomics::jel: b23 – history of economic thought: econometrics; quantitative & mathematical studies::jel: b24 – socialist; marxist; sraffian::jel: b25 – historical; institutional; evolutionary; austrian::jel: b29 – otherjel: b3 – history of thought: individuals::jel: b30 – general::jel: b31 – individuals::jel: b32 – obituariesjel: b4 – economic methodology::jel: b40 – general::jel: b41 – economic methodology::jel: b49 – otherjel: b5 – current heterodox approaches::jel: b50 – general::jel: b51 – socialist; marxian; sraffian::jel: b52 – institutional; evolutionary::jel: b53 – austrian::jel: b54 – feminist economics::jel: b59 – other==mathematical and quantitative methods jel: c subcategories==:category:mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)jel: c0 – general::jel: c00 – general::jel: c01 – econometrics::jel: c02 – mathematical methodsjel: c1 – econometric and statistical methods: general::jel: c10 – general::jel: c11 – bayesian analysis::jel: c12 – hypothesis testing::jel: c13 – estimation::jel: c14 – semiparametric and nonparametric methods::jel: c15 – statistical simulation methods::jel: c16 – statistical distributions::jel: c16 – specific distributions::jel: c19 – otherjel: c2 – econometric methods: single equation models;single variables::jel: c20 – general::jel: c21 – cross-sectional models; spatial models; treatment effect models::jel: c22 – time-series models::jel: c23 – panel data::jel: c34 – truncated and censored models::jel: c25 – discrete regression; qualitative choice models::jel: c29 – otherjel: c3 – econometric methods: multiple or simultaneous equation models::jel: c30 – general::jel: c31 – cross-sectional models; spatial models; treatment effect models::jel: c32 – time-series models::jel: c33 – models with panel data::jel: c34 – truncated and censored models::jel: c35 – discrete regression and qualitative choice models::jel: c39 – otherjel: c4 – econometric and statistical methods: special topics::jel: c40 – general::jel: c41 – duration analysis::jel: c42 – survey methods::jel: c43 – index numbers and aggregation::jel: c44 – operations research; statistical decision theory::jel: c45 – neural networks and related topics::jel: c46 – specific distributions::jel: c49 – otherjel: c5 – econometric modeling::jel: c50 – general::jel: c51 – model construction and estimation::jel: c52 – model evaluation and testing::jel: c53 – forecasting and prediction methods; simulation::[jel: c53 –::jel: c59 – otherjel: c6 – mathematical methods; programming models; mathematical and simulation modeling::jel: c60 – general::jel: c61 – optimization techniques; programming models; dynamic analysis::jel: c62 – existence and stability conditions of equilibrium::jel: c63 – computational techniques; simulation modeling::jel: c65 – miscellaneous mathematical tools::jel: c67 – input–output models::jel: c68 – computable general equilibrium models::jel: c69 – otherjel: c7 – game theory and bargaining theory::jel: c70 – general::jel: c71 – cooperative games::jel: c72 – noncooperative games::jel: c73 – stochastic and dynamic games; evolutionary games; repeated games::jel: c78 – bargaining theory; matching theory::jel: c79 – otherjel: c8 – data collection and data estimation methodology; computer programs::jel: c80 – general::jel: c81 – methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data::jel: c82 – methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data::jel: c87 – econometric software::jel: c88 – other computer software::jel: c89 – otherjel: c9 – design of experiments::jel: c90 – general::jel: c91 – laboratory, individual behavior::jel: c92 – laboratory, group behavior::jel: c93 – field experiments::jel: c99 – other==microeconomics jel: d subcategories==:category:microeconomicsjel: d0 – general::jel: d00 – general::jel: d01 – microeconomic behavior: underlying principles::jel: d02 – institutions: design, formation, and operations::jel: d03 – behavioral economics; underlying principlesjel: d1 – household behavior and family economics::jel: d10 – general::jel: d11 – consumer economics: theory::jel: d12 –::jel: d13 – household production and intrahousehold allocation::jel: d14 – personal finance::jel: d18 – consumer protection::jel: d19 – otherjel: d2 – production and organizations::jel: d20 – general::jel: d21 – firm behavior::jel: d23 – organizational behavior; transaction costs; property rights::jel: d24 – production; cost; capital, multifactor and total factor productivity; capacity::jel: d29 – otherjel: d3 – distribution::jel: d30 – general::jel: d31 – personal income, wealth, and their distributions::jel: d33 – factor income distribution::jel: d39 – otherjel: d4 – market structure and pricing::jel: d40 – general::jel: d41 – perfect competition::jel: d42 – monopoly::jel: d43 – oligopoly and other forms of market imperfection::jel: d44 – auctions::jel: d45 – rationing; licensing::jel: d46 – value theory::jel: d47 – market design::jel: d49 – otherjel: d5 – general equilibrium and disequilibrium::jel: d50 – general::jel: d51 – exchange and production economies::jel: d52 – incomplete markets::jel: d57 – input–output tables and analysis::jel: d58 – computable and other applied general equilibrium models::jel: d59 – otherjel: d6 – welfare economics::jel: d60 – general::jel: d61 – allocative efficiency; cost-benefit analysis::jel: d62 – externalities::jel: d63 – equity, justice, inequality, and other normative criteria and measurement::jel: d64 – altruism; philanthropy::jel: d69 – otherjel: d7 – analysis of collective decision-making::jel: d70 – general::jel: d71 – social choice; clubs; committees; associations::jel: d72 – economic models of political processes: rent-seeking, elections, legislatures, and voting behavior::jel: d73 – bureaucracy; administrative processes in public organizations; corruption::jel: d74 – conflict; conflict resolution; alliances::jel: d78 – positive analysis of policy-making and implementation::jel: d79 – otherjel: d8 – information, knowledge, and uncertainty::jel: d80 – general::jel: d81 – criteria for decision-making under risk and uncertainty::jel: d82 – asymmetric and private information; market design::jel: d83 – search; learning; information and knowledge::jel: d84 – expectations; speculation::jel: d85 – network formation and analysis: theory::jel: d86 – economics of contract: theory::jel: d87 – neuroeconomics::jel: d89 – otherjel: d9 – intertemporal choice and growth::jel: d90 – general::jel: d91 – intertemporal consumer choice; life cycle models and saving::jel: d92 – intertemporal firm choice and growth, investment, or financing::jel: d99 – other==macroeconomics and monetary economics jel: e subcategories==:category:macroeconomics and monetary economicsjel: e – macroeconomics and monetary economicsjel: e0 – general::jel: e00 – general::jel: e01 – measurement and data on national income and product accounts and wealth::jel: e02 – institutions and the macroeconomyjel: e1 – general aggregative models::jel: e10 – general::jel: e11 – marxian; sraffian; institutional; evolutionary::jel: e12 – keynes; keynesian; post-keynesian::jel: e13 – neoclassical::jel: e16 – social accounting matrix::jel: e17 – forecasting and simulation::jel: e19 – otherjel: e2 – macroeconomics: consumption, saving, production, employment, and investment::jel: e20 – general::jel: e21 – consumption; saving; wealth::jel: e22 – capital; investment (including inventories); capacity::jel: e23 – production::jel: e24 – employment; unemployment; wages; intergenerational income distribution; aggregate human capital::jel: e25 – aggregate factor income distribution::jel: e26 – informal economy; underground economy::jel: e27 – forecasting and simulation::jel: e29 – otherjel: e3 – prices, business fluctuations, and cycles::jel: e30 – general::jel: e31 – price level; inflation; deflation::jel: e32 – business fluctuations; cycles::jel: e37 – forecasting and simulation::jel: e39 – otherjel: e4 – money and interest rates::jel: e40 – general::jel: e41 – demand for money::jel: e42 – monetary systems; standards; regimes; government and the monetary system; payment systems::jel: e43 – determination of interest rates; term structure of interest rates::jel: e44 – financial markets and the macroeconomy::jel: e47 – forecasting and simulation::jel: e49 – otherjel: e5 – monetary policy, central banking, and the supply of money and credit::jel: e50 – general::jel: e51 – money supply; credit; money multipliers::jel: e52 – monetary policy::jel: e58 – central banks and their policies::jel: e59 – otherjel: e6 – macroeconomic policy formation, macroeconomic aspects of public finance, macroeconomic policy, and general outlook::jel: e60 – general::jel: e61 – policy objectives; policy designs and consistency; policy coordination::jel: e62 – fiscal policy; public expenditures, investment, and finance; taxation::jel: e63 – comparative or joint analysis of fiscal and monetary policy; stabilization::jel: e64 – incomes policy; price policy::jel: e65 – studies of particular policy episodes::jel: e66 – general outlook and conditions::jel: e69 – other==international economics jel: f subcategories==:category:international economicsjel: f – international economicsjel: f0 – general::jel: f00 – general::jel: f01 – global outlook::jel: f02 – international economic order; noneconomic international organizations •economic integration and globalization: generaljel: f1 – trade::jel: f10 – general::jel: f11 – neoclassical models of trade::jel: f12 – models of trade with imperfect competition and scale economies::jel: f13 – commercial policy; protection; promotion; trade negotiations; international organizations::jel: f14 – empirical studies of trade::jel: f15 – economic integration::jel: f16 – trade and labor market interactions::jel: f17 – trade forecasting and simulation::jel: f18 – trade and environment::jel: f19 – otherjel: f2 – international factor movements and international business::jel: f20 – general::jel: f21 – international investment; long-term capital movements::jel: f22 – international migration::jel: f23 – multinational firms; international business::jel: f24 – remittances::jel: f29 – otherjel: f3 – international finance::jel: f30 – general::jel: f31 – foreign exchange::jel: f32 – current account adjustment; short-term capital movements::jel: f33 – international monetary arrangements and institutions::jel: f34 – international lending and debt problems::jel: f35 – foreign aid::jel: f36 – financial aspects of economic integration::jel: f37 – international finance forecasting and simulation::jel: f39 – otherjel: f4 – macroeconomic aspects of international trade and finance::jel: f40 – general::jel: f41 – open economy macroeconomics::jel: f42 – international policy coordination and transmission::jel: f43 – economic growth of open economies::jel: f47 – forecasting and simulation::jel: f49 – otherjel: f5 – international relations and international political economy::jel: f50 – general::jel: f51 – international conflicts; negotiations; sanctions::jel: f52 – national security; economic nationalism::jel: f53 – international agreements and observance; international organizations::jel: f54 – colonialism; imperialism; postcolonialism::jel: f55 – international institutional arrangements::jel: f59 – international relations and international political economy: other==financial economics jel: g subcategories==:category:financial economicsjel: g – financial economicsjel: g0 – general::jel: g00 – general::jel: g01 – financial crisis::jel: g02 – behavioral finance: underlying principlesjel: g1 – general financial markets::jel: g10 – general::jel: g11 – portfolio choice; investment decisions::jel: g12 – asset pricing; trading volume; bond interest rates::jel: g13 – contingent pricing; futures pricing::jel: g14 – information and market efficiency; event studies::jel: g15 – international financial markets::jel: g17 – financial forecasting::jel: g18 – government policy and regulation::jel: g19 – otherjel: g2 – financial institutions and services::jel: g20 – general::jel: g21 – banks; depository institutions; micro finance institutions; mortgages::jel: g22 – insurance; insurance companies::jel: g23 – non-bank financial institutions; financial instruments; institutional investors::jel: g24 – investment banking; venture capital; brokerage; ratings and ratings agencies::jel: g28 – government policy and regulation::jel: g29 – otherjel: g3 – corporate finance and governance::jel: g30 – general::jel: g31 – capital budgeting; fixed investment and inventory studies::jel: g32 – financing policy; financial risk and risk management; capital and ownership structure; goodwill::jel: g33 – bankruptcy; liquidation::jel: g34 – mergers; acquisitions; restructuring; corporate governance::jel: g35 – payout policy::jel: g38 – government policy and regulation::jel: g39 – other==public economics jel: h subcategories==:category:public economicsjel: h – public economicsjel: h0 – general::jel: h00 – generaljel: h1 – structure and scope of government::jel: h10 – general::jel: h11 – structure, scope, and performance of government::jel: h12 – crisis management::jel: h19 – otherjel: h2 – taxation, subsidies, and revenue::jel: h20 – general::jel: h21 – efficiency; optimal taxation::jel: h22 – incidence::jel: h23 – externalities; redistributive effects; environmental taxes and subsidies::jel: h24 – personal income and other nonbusiness taxes and subsidies::jel: h25 – business taxes and subsidies::jel: h26 – tax evasion::jel: h27 – other sources of revenue::jel: h29 – otherjel: h3 – fiscal policies and behavior of economic agents::jel: h30 – general::jel: h31 – household::jel: h32 – firm::jel: h39 – otherjel: h4 – publicly provided goods::jel: h40 – general::jel: h41 – public goods::jel: h42 – publicly provided private goods::jel: h43 – project evaluation; social discount rate::jel: h44 – publicly provided goods: mixed markets::jel: h49 – otherjel: h5 – national government expenditures and related policies::jel: h50 – general::jel: h51 – government expenditures and health::jel: h52 – government expenditures and education::jel: h53 – government expenditures and welfare programs::jel: h54 – infrastructures; other public investment and capital stock::jel: h55 – social security and public pensions::jel: h56 – national security and war::jel: h57 – government procurement::jel: h59 – otherjel: h6 – national budget, deficit, and debt::jel: h60 – general::jel: h61 – budget; budget systems::jel: h62 – deficit; surplus::jel: h63 – debt; debt management::jel: h63 – debt; debt management; sovereign debt::jel: h68 – forecasts of budgets, deficits, and debt::jel: h69 – otherjel: h7 – state and local government; intergovernmental relations::jel: h70 – general::jel: h71 – state and local taxation, subsidies, and revenue::jel: h72 – state and local budget and expenditures::jel: h73 – interjurisdictional differentials and their effects::jel: h74 – state and local borrowing::jel: h75 – state and local government: health; education; welfare; public pensions::jel: h76 – state and local government: other expenditure categories::jel: h77 – intergovernmental relations; federalism; secession::jel: h79 – otherjel: h8 – miscellaneous issues::jel: h80 – general::jel: h81 – governmental loans, loan guarantees, credits, and grants; bailouts::jel: h82 – governmental property::jel: h83 – public administration; public sector accounting and audits::jel: h84 – disaster aid::jel: h87 – international fiscal issues; international public goods::jel: h89 – other==health, education, and welfare jel: i subcategories==:category:health, education, and welfare economicsjel: i – health, education, and welfarejel: i0 – general::jel: i00 – generaljel: i1 – health::jel: i10 – general::jel: i11 – analysis of health care markets::jel: i12 – health production: nutrition, mortality, morbidity, substance abuse and addiction, disability, and economic behavior::jel: i18 – government policy; regulation; public health::jel: i19 – otherjel: i2 – education::jel: i20 – general::jel: i21 – analysis of education::jel: i22 – educational finance::jel: i23 – higher education research institutions::jel: i28 – government policy::jel: i29 – otherjel: i3 – welfare and poverty::jel: i30 – general::jel: i31 – general welfare; basic needs; living standards; quality of life; happiness::jel: i32 – measurement and analysis of poverty::jel: i38 – government policy; provision and effects of welfare programs::jel: i39 – other==labor and demographic economics jel: j subcategories==:category:labor and demographic economicsjel: j – labor and demographic economics:category:labor:category:demographic economicsjel: j0 – general::jel: j00 – generaljel: j1 – demographic economics::jel: j10 – general::jel: j11 – demographic trends and forecasts::jel: j12 – marriage; marital dissolution; family structure::jel: j13 – fertility; family planning; child care; children; youth::jel: j14 – economics of the elderly; economics of the handicapped::jel: j15 – economics of minorities and races; non-labor discrimination::jel: j16 – economics of gender; non-labor discrimination::jel: j17 – value of life; foregone income::jel: j18 – public policy::jel: j19 – otherjel: j2 – time allocation, work behavior, and employment determination and creation; human capital::jel: j20 – general::jel: j21 – labor force and employment, size, and structure::jel: j22 – time allocation and labor supply::jel: j23 – employment determination; job creation; demand for labor; self-employment::jel: j24 – human capital; skills; occupational choice; labor productivity::jel: j26 – retirement; retirement policies::jel: j28 – safety; accidents; industrial health; job satisfaction; related public policy::jel: j29 – otherjel: j3 – wages, compensation, and labo