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mwingiliano wa protini ya ncha ya kali ya virusi vya korona na kipokezi chake cha ziada cha seli mama ni muhimu katika kubainisha ubadilishaji wa tishu, hali ya kuambukizwa, na masafa ya spishi ya virusi.
the interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complement host cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the virus.
baadaye katika miaka ya 1980, virusi vya korona vya mwanadamu oc43 vilitoka kwa virusi vya korona vya ng'ombe baada ya tukio lingine ya kuruka kwenda kwenye spishi nyingine.
later in the 1890s, human coronavirus oc43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event.
dalili hutofautiana katika spishi zingine: kwa kuku, husababisha ugonjwa katika mfumo wa juu wa kupumua, ambapo kwa ng'ombe na nguruwe husababisha kuhara.
symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea.
inakisiwa kwamba maradhi ya mafua ya mwaka wa 1890 yanaweza kuwa yalisababishwa na tukio hili ya kuruka kwenda kwenye spishi nyine, lakini sio virusi vya mafua, kwa sababu ya muda husika, dalili za nyurolojia, dalili zingine zisizojulikana za ugonjwa huo.
it is speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the influenza virus, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic.
kizazi cha hivi punde cha virusi vyote ya korona (mrca) kinakadiriwa kilikuwa hivi karibuni kama 8000 bce, ingawa mifano kadhaa huchukua nafasi ya kizazi cha kawaida kwa miaka milioni 55 au zaidi, ikimaanisha inashirikiana kuwa muda mrefu na aina ya spishi ya popo na ndege.
the most recent common ancestor (mrca) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 bce, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.