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glucocorticoids
گلوکوکورتیکوییدها

this is the major transport protein for glucocorticoids and progestins in the blood of most vertebrates.
این پروتئین، پروتئین ناقل اصلی کورتیکواستروئیدها و پروژسترون در خون اغلب مهره داران است.

glp-1 is a food-induced incretin hormone produced in intestinal l-cells and it has been suggested to play a role in entraining peripheral organs to food-related timing signals .plasma glp-1 levels show circadian rhythms tied to the timing of food intake and murine l-cells harbor a circadian clock with rhythmic expression of bmal1, rev-erbα and per2 which is paralleled by a circadian rhythm of glp-1 release . the glp-1 release in response to oral glucose application in rats displays circadian variations which are entrainable by feeding regimens and disrupted in the absence of a functional circadian clock (23). interestingly, diurnal variations of glp-1 release are also lost in high-fat and high- sucrose fed rats (24). taken together, these studies suggest that intestinal l-cell clocks regulate food intake-induced glp-1 release and that food composition has a strong influence on the maintenance of glp-1 rhythms. food provided after an extended period of starvation quickly increases per1 and per2 expression in the liver which is thought to contribute to circadian hepatic phase shifts under time-restricted feeding schedules .in mice, glp-1-related signaling interferes with such shifts in response to food. activation of the glp-1 receptor (glp-1r) by the potent and more stable agonist exendin-4 reduces the expression of per1 in the liver and decelerates adaptation of peripheral circadian clocks to timed food signals . in contrast, when applied to organotypic liver explants, exendin-4 strongly shifts circadian oscillations, which contradicts its actions i n vivo . of note, in the same study, administration of glp-1 itself had no significant effect on the clock of liver explants. nevertheless, these data suggest that glp-1-related signaling regulates the response of peripheral oscillators to food. chronic peripheral administration of exendin-4 reduces circadian oscillations of corticosterone release in rats . hence, gastrointestinal glp-1 may further change circadian oscillations since glucocorticoids are important regulators of central and peripheral circadian clocks. in the brain, glp-1 is produced exclusively in the solitary nucleus of the brain stem . however, peripheral glp-1 is also able to cross the bbb and may thereby influence central clocks . accordingly, systemic administration of glp-1r agonists significantly decreases expression of the clock genes dbp, dec1, and dec2 in the hippocampus of rats and restores circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in mice after previous disruption with the alzheimer’s disease-related β-amyloid protein . interestingly, glp-1r is expressed in the scn of mice , but no studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of glp-1 on scn rhythms yet.
glp 1 یک هورمون اینکرتین ناشی از غذا است که در سلولهای l روده تولید می شود و پیشنهاد شده است که در جذب اندامهای محیطی به سیگنالهای زمان بندی مربوط به غذا نقش داشته باشد. سطوح glp 1 پلاسما ریتم های شبانه روزی را نشان می دهد که با زمان مصرف غذا و سلولهای l موش ارتباط دارد. دارای یک ساعت شبانه روزی با بیان موزون bmal1 ، rev erbα و per2 که با ریتم شبانه روزی انتشار glp 1 موازی است