您搜索了: diarrhea (英语 - 索马里语)

diarrhea
shuban

child's diarrhea
qalqaali ilmo ah

what is a diarrhea treatment?
waa maxay shuban daweeye

diarrhea is also seen in some patients.
shuban ayaa sidoo kale lagu arkay bukaanada qaar.

have a dry cough a cold and runny nose vomiting diarrhea
wuxuu leeyahay qufac qalalan hargab iyo diif mataq shuban

diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.
shubanka iyo xanuunka sanbabka marka la isku daro waxa ay sababaan ilaa 3.5 milyan oo caruur ah dhimashadood sanadkii.

more than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
in ka badan 30% bukaanada qaba calaamadaha xiidmaha caloosha, sida shuban iyo mataq.

diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with mers patients.
shuban (26%) iyo dhuun xanuun (21%) sidoo kale waxaan aragnay bukaano qaba mers.

other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle pain, diarrhea, sore throat, loss of smell, and abdominal pain.
marka la qaado ilaa inta calaamado la yeelanayo waxa caadiyan u dhaxaysa ilaa shan maalmood laakiin waxa ay u dhaxayn kartaa laba ilaa afar iyo toban maalmood.

symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea.
waxaa weli la raadinayaa talaalka ama dawada fayruska ee lagaag hortagi karo caabuqa fayruska bilaa aadanka.

diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
shuban, lalabo, mantag, dhaawaca wadnaha, iyo falcelino kasii daran ayaa dhici kara iyagoo la socdo daawayn laysu geeyay oo ledh lopinavir/ritonavir.

economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, tge) and bovine coronavirus, which both result in diarrhea in young animals.
coronavirusyada bisadaha: laba nooc oo coronaviruska xiidmaha bisadaha waxaa weeye xanuun yar oo aan waynayn, laakiin waxa uu keeni karaa cabuuqa uurku jirta bisada (fip), xanuun leh dhimasho badan.

hcov-229e, hcov-oc43, hcov-hku1 and hcov-nl63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.
hcov-229e, hcov-oc43, hcov-hku1 iyo hcov-nl63 waxay inta badan sababaan calaamado fudud, sida hargab caadi ah iyo/ama shuban.

acknowledgment ................................................................................................................... i table of contents .................................................................................................................. ii chapter one: shock ............................................................................................................. 1 introduction ................................................................................................. 1 classification .............................................................................................. 1 patho physiology of shock ......................................................................... 2 management of shock ................................................................................ 3 complications of shock .............................................................................. 4 chapter two: fluid and electolytes ..................................................................................... 5 introduction ................................................................................................. 5 normal distribution of body fluids .............................................................. 5 disturbances of fluid and electrolytes ........................................................ 7 acid – base balance ................................................................................... 12 review questions ....................................................................................... 15 references .................................................................................................. 16 chapter three: blood transfusion ....................................................................................... 17 indications for blood transfusion ............................................................... 17 compatibility tests ...................................................................................... 17 component therapy ................................................................................... 18 review questions ....................................................................................... 21 references .................................................................................................. 22 chapter four: pre-operative and post-operative care ...................................................... 23 introduction ................................................................................................. 23 general consideration ............................................................................... 23 assessment and minimization of surgical risks ........................................ 24 post-operative care, complications and their treatment ......................... 26 post operative intestinal obstruction ......................................................... 31 hematoma, abscess and seromas ............................................................ 33 review questions ....................................................................................... 34 references .................................................................................................. 35 chapter five: aseptic and antisepic techniques ................................................................ 36 introduction ................................................................................................. 36 choice of antiseptic ................................................................................... 37 review questions ....................................................................................... 41 references .................................................................................................. 42 chapter six: suture materials and suturing ......................................................................... 43 types of suture materials ........................................................................... 43 suturing techniques ................................................................................... 44 iii chapter seven: wounds- wound healing and care ........................................................... 47 introduction ................................................................................................. 47 wound healing ............................................................................................ 47 wound assessment and classification ....................................................... 49 wound management ................................................................................... 50 crush and avulsion wounds ....................................................................... 53 wound complications ................................................................................. 55 review questions ....................................................................................... 57 key to the review questions ..................................................................... 59 references .................................................................................................. 60 chapter eight: surgical infections ........................................................................................ 61 introduction ................................................................................................. 61 classification .............................................................................................. 62 pathogenesis .............................................................................................. 62 specific types of infections ........................................................................ 64 review questions ....................................................................................... 73 key to the review questions ..................................................................... 75 references .................................................................................................. 76 chapter nine: trauma .......................................................................................................... 77 introduction ................................................................................................. 77 treatment priorities ..................................................................................... 78 road traffic accidents ................................................................................ 79 firearm injuries ........................................................................................... 80 burn injuries ......................................................................................... 81 review questions ....................................................................................... 84 references .................................................................................................. 85 head and spinal injuries ............................................................................ 86 head injury .................................................................................................. 86 brain injuries ............................................................................................... 87 spinal cord injuries ..................................................................................... 90 review questions ....................................................................................... 92 references .................................................................................................. 93 chapter ten: orthopedic surgery ........................................................................................ 94 introduction ................................................................................................. 94 infections of bones and joints .................................................................... 94 fractures ..................................................................................................... 97 dislocations ................................................................................................. 102 amputations ................................................................................................ 103 review questions ....................................................................................... 105 references .................................................................................................. 106 chapter eleven: anesthesia................................................................................................. 107 pre-anesthetic patient evaluation and preparation .................................... 107 iv cardiopulmonary resuscitation .................................................................. 111 systemic (general) anesthesia .................................................................. 115 regional anesthesia ................................................................................... 118 review questions ....................................................................................... 124 references .................................................................................................. 125 systemic surgery chapter one: the thyroid gland ......................................................................................... 126 thyroid enlargement: goiter ....................................................................... 126 neoplasms of the thyroid ........................................................................... 130 review questions ....................................................................................... 132 references .................................................................................................. 133 chapter two: the breast ..................................................................................................... 134 introduction ................................................................................................. 134 anatomy ..................................................................................................... 134 breast lumps .............................................................................................. 135 carcinoma of the breast ............................................................................. 137 review questions ....................................................................................... 140 references .................................................................................................. 141 chapter three: the chest ................................................................................................... 142 introduction ................................................................................................. 142 upper airway obstruction ........................................................................... 142 tracheostomy ............................................................................................. 143 chest injuries .............................................................................................. 146 pneumothorax ............................................................................................. 149 hemothorax ................................................................................................. 149 tube thoracostomy (chest tube) .............................................................. 150 empyema and lung abscess ..................................................................... 152 lung abscess .............................................................................................. 154 review questions ....................................................................................... 156 references .................................................................................................. 157 chapter four: gastrointestinal tract .................................................................................... 158 introduction ................................................................................................. 158 upper gastrointestinal bleeding ................................................................. 159 colorectal tumors ....................................................................................... 164 common perianal conditions ..................................................................... 166 anal fissure (fissure in ano) .................................................................... 170 hemorrhoids (piles) .................................................................................... 171 references .................................................................................................. 175 acute abdomen ........................................................................................... 176 intestinal obstruction .................................................................................. 177 sigmoid volvulus ......................................................................................... 179 v appendicitis ................................................................................................. 180 peritonitis .................................................................................................... 183 hepato biliary diseases .............................................................................. 185 hydatid cyst of the liver ............................................................................. 187 diseases of gall bladder and biliary tree .................................................. 189 obstructive jaundice................................................................................... 193 review questions ....................................................................................... 197 abdominal wall hernias ............................................................................. 198 introduction ................................................................................................. 198 risk factors for abdominal wall hernia development ............................... 199 specific types of hernia ............................................................................. 200 review questions ....................................................................................... 204 references .................................................................................................. 205 stomach and duodenum ............................................................................ 206 introduction ................................................................................................. 206 peptic ulcer disease ................................................................................... 206 gastric cancer ............................................................................................ 211 review questions ....................................................................................... 213 dysphagia ............................................................................................. 214 introduction ................................................................................................. 214 dysphagia ................................................................................................... 214 carcinoma of the esophagus...................................................................... 215 review questions ....................................................................................... 218 references .................................................................................................. 219 chapter five: urology .......................................................................................................... 220 introduction ................................................................................................. 220 urinary symptoms and investigations of urinary tract problems .............. 220 acute renal failure (anuria/oliguria) ......................................................... 222 disorder of the kidneys and ureters ........................................................... 223 urinary tract infection ................................................................................. 224 renal tuberculosis ..................................................................................... 226 urinary bladder ........................................................................................... 230 bladder cancer ........................................................................................... 231 benign prostatic hyperplasia ...................................................................... 231 the urethra and penis ................................................................................ 233 urethral stricture ......................................................................................... 234 review questions ....................................................................................... 238 references .................................................................................................. 239 1 chapter one shock learning objectives at the end of this chapter, each student should be able to: • state the clinical definition of shock • list the chief characteristics and causes of all types of shock • describe the clinical symptoms and signs that are indicative of shock • list the immediate treatment measures to prevent complications introduction shock is a life-threatening condition which occurs when the circulatory system fails to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and becomes unable to remove waste products from the body. it is a descriptive term based on the symptoms and signs secondary to one or more of a wide range of problems. if not recognized and corrected as early as possible, shock may rapidly progress to an irreversible state with subsequent multi-organ failure and death. definition shock is defined as a pathological state causing inadequate oxygen delivery to the peripheral tissues and resulting in lactic acidosis, cellular hypoxia and disruption of normal metabolic condition. classification shock is generally classified into three major categories: 1. hypovolemic shock 2. cardiogenic shock 3. distributive shock distributive shock is further subdivided into three subgroups: a. septic shock b. neurogenic shock c. anaphylactic shock hypovolemic shock is present when marked reduction in oxygen delivery results from diminished cardiac output secondary to inadequate vascular volume. in general, it results from loss of fluid from circulation, either directly or indirectly. 2 e.g. ▪ hemorrhage 􀂃 loss of plasma due to burns 􀂃 loss of water and electrolytes in diarrhea 􀂃 third space loss (internal fluid shift into inflammatory exudates in the peritoneum, such as in pancreatitis.) cardiogenic shock is present when there is severe reduction in oxygen delivery secondary to impaired cardiac function. usually it is due to myocardial infarction or pericardial tamponade. septic shock (vasogenic shock) develops as a result of the systemic effect of infection. it is the result of a septicemia with endotoxin and exotoxin release by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. despite normal or increased cardiac output and oxygen delivery, cellular oxygen consumption is less than normal due to impaired extraction as a result of impaired metabolism. neurogenic shock results primarily from the disruption of the sympathetic nervous system which may be due to pain or loss of sympathetic tone, as in spinal cord injuries. patho physiology of shock shock stimulates a physiologic response. this circulatory response to hypotension is to cons
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