Sie suchten nach: ratliff (Englisch - Spanisch)

dane ratliff
dane ratliff

ratliff j et al. (2010).
ratliff j et al. (2010).

jeb long took over as dbase's main architect in ratliff's absence.
jeb long actuó como principal arquitecto de dbase durante la ausencia de ratliffe.

ratliff was signed by the los angeles lakers on july 22, 2010 to a 1-year deal.
ratliff firmó con los angeles lakers un contrato de un año el 22 de julio de 2010.

ratliff also commented that justin timberlake has successfully "vaulted over the canyon" to adulthood.
ratliff comentó también que justin timberlake ha exitosamente "saltado sobre el cañón" a la edad adulta.

ratliff notes that the position of qo xiong (north hmongic) is still quite uncertain.
ratliff notes that the position of qo xiong (north hmongic) is still quite uncertain.

===ratliff (2010)===the classification below is from martha ratliff (2010:3).
===ratliff (2010)===the classification below is from martha ratliff (2010:3).

in exchange, philadelphia received aaron mckie and theo ratliff, defensive standouts who would have an impact in the team's resurgence.
a cambio, los philadelphia 76 recibieron a aaron mckie y theo ratliff, jugadores de un gran despliegue defensivo que ayudarían al resurgimiento del equipo.

*riggs la, armington jc & ratliff f. (1954) motions of the retinal image during fixation.
* riggs la, armington jc & ratliff f. (1954) motions of the retinal image during fixation.

==geography==ratliff city is located in northwestern carter county at (34.448918, -97.510999).
== geografía ==ratliff city se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas (34.448918, -97.510999).

george johnson, bol, hakeem olajuwon, dikembe mutombo, alonzo mourning, ratliff, dwight howard and ibaka are the only other players to have won the title more than once.
george t. johnson, manute bol, hakeem olajuwon, dikembe mutombo, alonzo mourning, theo ratliff, dwight howard y serge ibaka son los únicos otros jugadores que han ganado el título más de una vez.

ben ratliff of "the new york times" mentioned "resentment" in the "almost continuous high point" of the concert.
ben ratliff de "the new york times" mencionó a «resentment» en el «punto alto casi continuo» del concierto.

1. introduction an improved understanding of how normal aging quantitatively and qualitatively affects sensation, perception, attention and cognition is crucial to the development of sensitive diagnostic instruments and useful therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating age-related declines in these abilities and improving the quality of life of an increasingly aging population (humes et al., 2009, 2013; owsley, 2011). there are numerous age-related changes in visual function. with respect to temporal processing, sensitivity to high temporal frequencies declines with age (elliott, whitaker, & macveigh, 1990; kim & meyer, 1994; kline, 1987; mcfarland, warren, & karis, 1958; meyer et al., 1988; sekuler, hutman, & owsley, 1980; sloane, owsley, & jackson, 1988; tulunay-keesey, ver hoeve, & terkla-mcgrane, 1988; tyler, 1989; wright & drasdo, 1985). the amplitude of the inhibitory phase of the temporal impulse response function is reduced, giving rise to a slower and more prolonged response to a flash of light (shinomori & werner, 2003). simple reaction time to visual stimuli is significantly increased (kline et al., 1983). at higher levels of processing the ability to recover structure from motion is impaired (blake, rizzo, & mcevoy, 2008), including biological motion (pilz, bennett, & sekuler, 2010), and discrimination thresholds for temporal order judgments in both visual and auditory modalities may (ulbrich et al., 2009) or may not (fiacconi et al., 2013) be elevated. with respect to spatial vision there is a decrease in contrast sensitivity at medium to high spatial frequencies (bennett, sekuler, & ozin, 1999; crassini, brown, & bowman, 1988; derefeldt, lennerstrand, & lundh, 1979; elliott, whitaker, & macveigh, 1990; habak & faubert, 2000; kline, 1987; kline et al., 1983; tulunay-keesey, ver hoeve, & terkla-mcgrane, 1988; wright & drasdo, 1985) which is primarily optical in origin (burton, owsley, & sloane, 1993). displacement thresholds (elliott, whitaker, & thompson, 1989) and contrast discrimination thresholds are elevated (elliott & werner, 2010; hardy et al., 2005; schefrin et al., 1999). aging is associated with significant alterations in motion perception, where detection (bennett, sekuler, & sekuler, 2007), speed (bidwell, holzman, & chen, 2006; norman et al., 2003; scialfa et al., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.10.028 0042-6989/ 2014 elsevier ltd. all rights reserved. ⇑ corresponding author at: center for visual and cognitive neuroscience, department of psychology, ndsu department 2765, po box 6050, college of science and mathematics, north dakota state university, fargo, nd 58108-6050, usa. fax: +1 (701) 231 8426. e-mail address: mark.mccourt@ndsu.edu (m.e. mccourt). vision research 106 (2015) 36–46 contents lists available at sciencedirect vision research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres 1991; snowden & kavanagh, 2006), and direction (ball & sekuler, 1986) discrimination thresholds are elevated, displacement thresholds are elevated (wood & bullimore, 1995), and the strength of surround suppression, which normally causes duration thresholds for motion direction discrimination to increase with increasing stimulus size (tadin et al., 2003), is weakened (betts, sekuler, & bennett, 2009, 2012; betts et al., 2005; tadin & blake, 2005). finally, visuomotor transformations are impaired (baugh & marotta, 2009). at the physiological level age-related changes include increases in response latency and spontaneous neuronal activity, and decreases in information processing rate and stimulus selectivity of neurons in a variety of structures including macaque area v1 (leventhal et al., 2003; schmolesky et al., 2000; wang et al., 2005; yang et al., 2009; zhang et al., 2008), macaque area v2 (wang et al., 2005; yu et al., 2006), macaque area mt (liang et al., 2010; yang et al., 2008, 2009, 2010), and cortical neurons in both cat (hua et al., 2006; wang et al., 2014) and rat (wang et al., 2006). one mechanism hypothesized to underlie such age-related changes in visual processing is a weakening of neuronal inhibition due to diminished gabaergic neurotransmission (hua et al., 2006; leventhal et al., 2003; schmolesky et al., 2000), since electrophoretic application of gaba is capable of restoring stimulus selectivity and improving signal-to-noise ratio in the neurons of aged animals (leventhal et al., 2003). brightness induction is a quintessential example of a phenomenon commonly attributed to inhibitory neural interactions occurring at multiple levels in the visual processing hierarchy (mach, 1865, in fiorentini et al., 1990; heinemann, 1972; hering, 1964; jameson & hurvich, 1989; kingdom, mccourt, & blakeslee, 1997; mccourt, 1982; ratliff, 1965). certain brightness phenomena such as the spots seen at the intersections of the hermann grid, and mach bands, have historically been attributed to retinal processing, although recent findings indicate that these effects probably arise at a higher, likely cortical, stage of processing (geier et al., 2008; wolfe, 1982). in order to account for more complex induction phenomena such as white’s effect (blakeslee & mccourt, 1999, in press; white, 1979, 1981; white & white, 1985), the benary cross (blakeslee & mccourt, 2001), or the corrugated mondrian stimulus (blakeslee & mccourt, 2001), models of brightness perception need to incorporate spatial filters with orientation selectivity (blakeslee & mccourt, 1999). neurons possessing significant orientation selectivity do not occur in the primate visual system until primary visual cortex. age-related alterations in the magnitude of brightness induction might therefore be a useful biomarker to index the status of inhibitory processes, particularly at striate and extrastriate levels. grating induction (mccourt, 1982) produces a conspicuous sinusoidal brightness modulation (i.e., a grating) in a horizontal homogeneous test field inserted into a sinewave grating, and is a particularly strong version of brightness induction (blakeslee & mccourt, 1997) which can be reliably measured using both matching (mccourt & blakeslee, 1994) and canceling methods (foley & mccourt, 1985). in addition, a novel quadrature-phase motion cancelation procedure (blakeslee & mccourt, 2008, 2011, 2013) allows the strength of the inhibitory processes giving rise to grating induction to be measured precisely for any combination of spatial and temporal frequency. here we report results from two experiments designed to measure age-related changes in grating induction magnitude, and suprathreshold contrast perception more generally. in experiment 1 we measure the strength of grating induction using an indirect method, a quadrature-phase motion canceling technique. in experiment 2 we employ a more traditional matching technique to measure the strength of both grating induction and contrast perception for suprathreshold real gratings situated in the upper and lower visual fields. 2. experiment 1: contrast canceling experiment 1 used grating induction cancelation to assess whether age-related changes occur in the strength of the inhibitory processes commonly thought to underlie brightness induction effects. we measured the magnitude of grating induction as a function of age using the quadrature-phase motion cancelation technique of blakeslee and mccourt (2008, 2011, 2013). 2.1. method 2.1.1. participants participants numbered 155 (81 female, 74 male), ranging from 16 to 80 years of age. this age range is consistent with that sampled by the majority of recent studies seeking to establish associations between age and visual function. participants were recruited via local advertisements (newspapers, senior newsletters, fliers at senior centers) as well as through on-campus fliers and e-mail correspondence to students, faculty, staff and alumni of north dakota state university. participants received $10/h for their participation. total time commitment per participant was approximately 1.25 h. participants completed a demographic screening questionnaire and the pelli–robson contrast sensitivity test (pelli, robson, & wilkins, 1988). inclusion criteria were self-reported good physical and mental health, no known retinal disease, normal (or correctedto-normal) visual acuity of at least 20/30, and a binocular log-contrast sensitivity score of 1.80 or greater. a detailed breakdown of log-contrast sensitivity by age group for experiment 1 appears in table 1(a). participants used their habitual spectacle/contact lens corrections during testing; 26 participants utilized multifocal lenses. all participants provided informed consent (and parental consent for participants under 18 years of age); the experimental protocol was approved by the ndsu institutional review board and the work was carried out in accordance with the code of ethics of the world medical association (declaration of helsinki). 2.1.2. stimuli and apparatus stimuli were generated using matlab routines to control a cambridge research systems visage system. stimuli were presented on a 2000 mitsubishi diamondpro (model 2070) crt display with screen size of 38.7 29.5, screen resolution of 1024 768, a screen refresh rate of 140 hz and mean luminance of 46 cd/m2 . stimuli were observed from a viewing distance of 57 cm (no chinrest was used, but the experimenter monitored viewing distance throughout the experiment), and responses were collected using left/right buttons on a game controller. the room was dimly lit since the primary lightsource was the display itself, and the walls were matte black. fig. 1(a) and (b) illustrates the quadrature phase motion cancelation displays used in experiment 1. these consisted of sinusoidal inducing gratings (100% michelson contrast, 0.052 c/d, height = 29.5, width = 38.7), counterphasing at either 1.0 hz or 4.0 hz, which surrounded horizontal test fields (height = 0.5 or 2.0) set to the mean display luminance. there were four stimulus conditions produced by combining the two test field heights (0.5 or 2.0) with two temporal frequencies (1.0 hz and 4.0 hz) at which the inducing gratings were counterphased. quadrature grating spatial frequency was 0.052 c/d, and possessed a michelson contrast of 30%. 2.1.3. p
una variedad de capacidades visuales muestran alteraciones significativas relacionadas con la edad. se evaluó la percepción de contraste y brillo del suprathreshold a través de la vida útil en una amplia muestra de participantes sanos (n = 155; 142) que van de 16 a 80 años de edad. experimento 1 utilizó una técnica de cancelación del movimiento de fase de cuadratura (blakeslee