Results for cise translation from English to Arabic

cise.
سايس

- cise. take your order.
ماهوطلبك؟

- a name, cise, now! - okay.
- احتاج الى اسم فى الحال

the representative of afghanistan made a statement in exer- cise of the right of reply.
وأدلى ممثل أفغانستان ببيان ممارسة للحق في الرد.

the representative of armenia made a statement in the exer-cise of the right of reply.
أدلى ممثل أرمينيا ببيان ممارسة لحق الرد.

complicated — food is required, whereas tobacco and alcohol are non-essential con- sumables. the key question is: what aspects of the western diet should be the focus of intervention? denmark first chose, in october 2011, to tax foods high in saturated fat, despite the fact that most medical professionals no longer believe that fat is the primary culprit. but now, the country is considering taxing sugar as well — a more plausible and defen- sible step. indeed, rather than focusing on fat and salt — the current dietary ‘bogeymen’ of the us department of agriculture (usda) and the european food safety authority — we believe that attention should be turned to ‘added sugar’, defined as any sweetener con- taining the molecule fructose that is added to food in processing. over the past 50 years, consumption of sugar has tripled worldwide. in the united states, there is fierce controversy over the pervasive use of one particular added sugar — high-fructose corn syrup (hfcs). it is manu- factured from corn syrup (glucose), processed to yield a roughly equal mixture of glucose and fructose. most other developed countries eschew hfcs, relying on naturally occurring sucrose as an added sugar, which also consists of equal parts glucose and fructose. authorities consider sugar as ‘empty cal- ories’ — but there is nothing empty about these calories. a growing body of scientific evidence shows that fructose can trigger processes that lead to liver toxicity and a host of other chronic diseases1 . a little is not a problem, but a lot kills—slowly (see ‘deadly effect’). if international bodies are truly concerned about public health, they must consider limiting fructose — and its main delivery vehicles, the added sugars hfcs and sucrose — which pose dangers to individuals and to society as a whole. no ordinary commodity in 2003, social psychologist thomas babor and his colleagues published a landmark book called alcohol: no ordinary commod- ity, in which they established four criteria, now largely accepted by the public-health community, that justify the regulation of alcohol — unavoidability (or pervasiveness throughout society), toxicity, potential for abuse and negative impact on society2 . sugar meets the same criteria, and we believe that it similarly warrants some form of societal intervention. first, consider unavoidability. evolu- tionarily, sugar as fruit was available to our ancestors for only a few months a year (at harvest time), or as honey, which was guarded by bees. but in recent years, sugar has been added to virtually every processed food, limiting consumer choice3 . nature made sugar hard to get; man made it easy. in many parts of the world, people are consuming an average of more than 500 cal- ories per day from added sugar alone (see ‘the global sugar glut’). now, let’s consider toxicity. a growing body of epidemiological and mechanistic evidence argues that excessive sugar con- sumption affects human health beyond simply adding calories4 . importantly, sugar induces all of the diseases associated with metabolic syndrome1,5. this includes: hyper- tension (fructose increases uric acid, which raises blood pressure); high triglycerides and insulin resistance through synthesis of fat in the liver; diabetes from increased liver glucose production combined with insu- lin resistance; and the ageing process, caused by damage to lipids, proteins and dna through non- enzymatic binding of fructose to these molecules. it can also be argued that fructose exerts toxic effects on the liver similar to those of alcohol1 . this is no surprise, because alcohol is derived from the fermentation of sugar. some early stud- ies have also linked sugar consumption to human cancer and cognitive decline. sugar also has a clear potential for abuse. like tobacco and alcohol, it acts on the brain to encourage subsequent intake. there are now numerous studies examin- ing the dependence-producing properties of sugar in humans6 . specifically, sugar dampens the suppression of the hormone ghrelin, which signals hunger to the brain. it also interferes with the normal transport and signalling of the hormone leptin, which helps to produce the feeling of satiety. and it reduces dopamine signalling in the brain’s reward centre, thereby decreasing the pleas- ure derived from food and compelling the individual to consume more1,6. finally, consider the negative effects of sugar on society. passive smoking and drink-driving fatalities provided strong arguments for tobacco and alcohol con- trol, respectively. the long-term economic, health-care and human costs of metabolic syndrome place sugar overconsumption in the same category7 . the united states spends $65 billion in lost productivity and $150 bil- lion on health-care resources annually for co-morbidities associated with metabolic syndrome. seventy-five per cent of all us health-care dollars are now spent on treat- ing these diseases and resultant disabilities. because 75% of military applicants are now rejected for obesity-related reasons, the past three us surgeons general and the chairman of the us joint chiefs of staff have declared obesity a “threat to national security”. how to intervene how can we reduce sugar consumption? after all, sugar is natural. sugar is a nutri- ent. sugar is pleasure. so is alcohol, but in both cases, too much of a good thing is toxic. it may be helpful to look to the many genera- tions of international experience with alcohol and tobacco to find models that work8,9. so far, evidence shows that individually focused approaches, such as school-based interven- tions that teach children about diet and exer- cise, demonstrate little efficacy. conversely, for both alcohol and tobacco, there is robust evidence that gentle ‘supply side’ control strategies which stop far short of all-out pro- hibition — taxation, distribution controls, age limits — lower both consumption of the product and accompanying health harms. successful interventions all share a common end-point: curbing availability2,8,9. taxing alcohol and tobacco products — in the form of special excise duties, value added taxes and sales taxes — are the most popular
من الأمراض المعدية ، التي تسهم في 35 مليون حالة وفاة سنويًا. هذه ليست مشكلة العالم المتقدم فقط. كل بلد تبنى النظام الغذائي الغربي - وهو النظام الذي يهيمن عليه الطعام منخفض التكلفة عالي التصنيع - شهد ارتفاعًا في معدلات السمنة والأمراض ذات الصلة. يوجد الآن 30٪ من الأشخاص الذين يعانون من السمنة أكثر من الذين يعانون من نقص التغذية. التنمية الاقتصادية تعني أن سكان البلدان المنخفضة والمتوسطة الدخل يعيشون لفترة أطول ، وبالتالي هم مو