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139. linguistics has undergone two great revolutions in the past 60 years, on seemingly opposite ends of the discipline. in the late 1950s noam chomskytheorised that all languages were built on an underlying universal grammar embedded in human genes. a second shift in linguistics - an explosion ofinterest in small and threatened languages - has focused on the variety of linguistic experience. field linguists are more interested in the idiosyncrasies that make each language unique and the ways that culture can influence a language's form. some 85 per cent of languages have yet to be documented. understanding them can only enrich our comprehension of what is universal to all languages. different languages highlight the varieties of human experience, revealing as mutable aspects of life that we tend to think of as settled and universal, such as our experience of time, number, or colour. in tuva, for example, the past is always spoken of as ahead of one, and the future is behind one's back. (national geographic)
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