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aff
الذي ينجذب ل, الذي له قرابة
Dernière mise à jour : 2018-04-14
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par. aff
مختصر الجُزْءُ المُعْتَلّ
Dernière mise à jour : 2022-10-19
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aff-ro...
افروو ...
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-10-27
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- me. - get aff!
-جيتيب) ، إخرس)
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-10-27
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- i'm not aff....
-أنا لست خا ...
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-10-27
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der, private sect & public aff
شعبة العلاقات الخارجية ، القطاع الخاص والشؤون العامة
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-12-01
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ifad rehabilitation of refugee aff. areas, tanzania
إنعاش مناطق الﻻجئين، تنزانيا
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-12-01
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s o she began having e xtra marital aff ai rs .
ولذلك كانت تخونه
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-10-27
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aff. and labour/ supporting the anti-poverty association
مركز وتأهيل أطفال الشوارع العاملين
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-12-02
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the aff is drafting a national project for the inclusion of girls football in primary education.
ويعكف الاتحاد حاليا على إعداد مشروع وطني لإدماج طالبات المرحلة الابتدائية في أنشطته الكروية لهذه المرحلة.
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-12-01
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the 2007 aff championship was the 6th edition of the aff championship,the football championship of southeast asia.
بطولة آسيان لكرة القدم 2007 هي النسخة السادسة من بطولة أسيان لكرة القدم في جنوب شرق آسيا.
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-03-03
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it is expected that the seea-aff guidelines will be published jointly by fao and the statistics division.
ومن المتوقع أن تشترك منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والشعبة الإحصائية في نشر المبادئ التوجيهية لنظام المحاسبة البيئية - الاقتصادية في مجال الزراعة والحراجة ومصائد الأسماك.
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-12-01
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the finalization of seea-aff include close monitoring of the ongoing process to finalize the sustainable development goals indicators.
ووضعُ الصيغة النهائية لنظام المحاسبة البيئية - الاقتصادية في مجال الزراعة والحراجة ومصائد الأسماك يشمل تدقيق رصد عملية بلورة مؤشرات أهداف التنمية المستدامة الجارية حاليا.
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-12-01
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44. the work to develop seea-aff has proceeded steadily through the course of 2014, with some important achievements.
٤4 - وقد تواصل باطراد العمل المتصل بوضع نظام المحاسبة البيئية - الاقتصادية في مجال الزراعة والحراجة ومصائد الأسماك خلال عام 2014 وتحققت بعض الإنجازات الهامة.
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-12-01
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the 2004 aff championship, officially known as the 2004 tiger cup, was jointly hosted by vietnam and malaysia from 7 december to 16 january 2005 and participated by the national football teams of southeast asia.
بطولة آسيان لكرة القدم 2004 معروفة رسميا باسم "كأس تايجر 2004"، هي بطولة كرة قدم نضمتها كل من فيتنام و ماليزيا من 7 ديسمبر - 16 يناير 2005، ويشارك فيها فرق كرة القدم الوطنية من جنوب شرق آسيا.
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-03-03
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and effective ways to reduce smoking and drinking, and in turn, substance abuse and related harms2 . consequently, we propose adding taxes to processed foods that contain any form of added sugars, such as hfcs and sucrose. this would include sweetened fizzy drinks (soda) and other sugar-sweetened beverages (for example, juice, sports drinks and chocolate milk), and also sugared cereal. already, canada and some european coun- tries impose small additional taxes on some sweetened foods. the united states is cur- rently considering a penny-per-ounce soda tax (about 34 cents per litre), which would raise the price of a can of soda by 10–12 cents. currently, each us citizen consumes an average of 216 litres of soda per year, of which 58% contains sugar; taxing at a penny an ounce could provide annual revenues in excess of $45 per capita (roughly $14 billion per year); however, this would be unlikely to reduce total consumption. statistical modelling suggests that the price would have to double to significantly reduce soda consumption — so a $1 can of soda should cost $2 (ref. 10). other successful tobacco- and alcohol- control strategies limit availability, such as reducing the hours that retailers are open, controlling the location and density of retail markets and limiting who can legally pur- chase the products2,9. a reasonable parallel for sugar would tighten licensing require- ments on vending machines and snack bars that sell sugary products in schools and workplaces. many schools have removed soda and candy from vending machines, but often replaced them with juice and sports drinks, which also contain added sugar. states could apply zoning ordinances to control the number of fast-food outlets and convenience stores in low-income commu- nities, and especially around schools, while providing incentives for the establishment of grocery stores and farmer’s markets. another option would be to limit sales during school operation, or to designate an age limit (such as 17) for the purchase of drinks with added sugar, particularly soda. indeed, parents in south philadelphia, penn- sylvania, recently took this upon themselves by lining up outside convenience stores and blocking children from entering them after school. why couldn’t a public-health direc- tive do the same? the possible dream government-imposed regulations on the marketing of alcohol to young people have been quite effective, but there is no such approach to sugar-laden products. even so, the city of san francisco, california, recently instituted a ban on including toys with unhealthy meals such as some types of fast food. a limit — or, ideally, ban — on televi- sion commercials for products with added sugars could further protect children’s health. reduced fructose consumption could also be fostered through changes in sub- sidization. promotion of healthy foods in us low-income programmes, such as the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants and children and the supplemental nutrition assistance pro- gram (also known as the food-stamps programme) is an obvious place to start. unfortunately, the petition by new york city to remove soft drinks from the food-stamp programme was denied by the usda. ultimately, food producers and dis- tributors must reduce the amount of sugar added to foods. but sugar is cheap, sugar tastes good, and sugar sells, so companies have little incentive to change. although one institution alone can’t turn this jug- gernaut around, the us food and drug administration could “set the table” for change8 . to start, it should consider remov- ing fructose from the generally regarded as safe (gras) list, which allows food manufacturers to add unlimited amounts to any food. opponents will argue that other nutrients on the gras list, such as iron and vitamins a and d, can also be toxic when over-consumed. however, unlike sugar, these substances have no abuse potential. removal from the gras list would send a powerful signal to the european food safety authority and the rest of the world. regulating sugar will not be easy — particularly in the ‘emerging markets’ of developing countries where soft drinks are often cheaper than potable water or milk. we recognize that societal interven- tion to reduce the supply and demand for sugar faces an uphill political battle against a powerful sugar lobby, and will require active engagement from all stakeholders. still, the food industry knows that it has a problem — even vigorous lobbying by fast-food companies couldn’t defeat the toy ban in san francisco. with enough clamour for change, tectonic shifts in policy become possible. take, for instance, bans on smoking in public places and the use of designated drivers, not to mention airbags in cars and condom dispensers in public bathrooms. these simple measures — which have all been on the battleground of american politics — are now taken for granted as essential tools for our public health and wellbeing. it’s time to turn our attention to sugar. ■ robert h. lustig is in the department of pediatrics and the center for obesity assessment, study and treatment at the university of california, san francisco, california 94143, usa. laura a. schmidt and claire d. brindis are at the clinical and translational science institute and the philip r. lee institute for health policy studies, university of california, san francisco, california 94118, usa. e-mail: rlustig@peds.ucsf.edu 1. lustig, r. h. j. am. diet. assoc. 110, 1307–1321 (2010). 2. babor, t. et al. alcohol: no ordinary commodity: research and public policy (oxford univ. press, 2003). 3. vio, f. & uauy, r. in food policy for developing countries: case studies (eds pinstrup-andersen, p. & cheng, f.) no. 9-5 (2007); available at http://go.nature.com/prjsk4 4. joint who/fao expert consultation. diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases who technical report series 916 (who; 2003). 5. tappy, l., lê, k. a., tran, c, & paquot, n. nutrition 26, 1044–1049 (2010). 6. garber, a. k. & lustig, r. h. curr. drug abuse rev. 4, 146–162 (2011). 7. finkelstein, e. a., fiebelkorn, i. c. & wang, g. health aff. w3 (suppl.), 219–226 (2003). 8. engelhard, c. l., garson, a. jr & dorn, s. reducing obesity: policy strategies from the tobacco wars (urban institute, 2009); available at http://go.nature.com/w4o5uk 9. room, r., schmidt, l. a., rehm, j. & mäkela p. br. med. j. 337, a2364 (2008). 10.sturm, r., powell l. m., chriqui, j. f. & chaloupka,
Dernière mise à jour : 2021-04-21
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