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so we have an in-built system within our own lives that ensures some kind of continuity.
بنابراین ما یک سیستم داخلی درون زندگیمون داریم بنابراین ما یک سیستم داخلی درون زندگیمون داریم که یه جورایی دوام و استمرار رو تضمین میکنه.
through the summers, as they go from one teacher to the next, you have this continuity of data that even at the district level they can see.
تمام تابستانها، وقتی از یه معلم به معلم دیگه می روند، شما این پیوستگی داده را دارید که حتی در سطح منطقه می تونید ببینید.
modern anthropology teaches that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product created by the human community that practices it.
انسان‌شناسی مدرن بر این باور است که میان سحرپنداری و دین پیوستگی مستقیمی وجود دارد، و هر دین محصول فرهنگی ایجادشده توسط جوامع بشری که آنها را پرستش می‌کنند است.
magatama from the jōmon period were irregularly shaped, lacked continuity in form from region to region, and have been called "stone age magatama" for this reason.
ماگاتاماهای این دوره دارای شکل‌های غیریکنواخت بودند و بسته به منطقه آنها با ییکدیگر متفاوت بودند؛ به همین دلیل آنها را ماگاتامای عصر سنگ می‌خواندند.
manu garcía, a supporter of the so-called ‘bolivarian’ process led by chávez over the last 14 years, appears to want continuity and change:
به نظر می‌رسد manu garcía یکی از طرفداران "جریان بولیواری" که طی 14 سال گذشته توسط چاوز رهبری می‌شد خواهان ادامه این وضعیت است:
parameters that are in environmental or regulatory permits, but should incorporate other parameters that have been noted as areas of risk over the lifetime of the mine. risk assessments play an essential role in monitoring design. the assessments must be based on sound science and validated knowledge of environmental sensitivities and environmental and stake- holder responses. in addition, the monitoring plan needs to be able to be environmental monitoring 161 adapted to changes in mining activity to adequately manage liability. the following parameters are a summary of considerations for monitoring planning (leading practice sustainable development program for the mining industry, 2009b): • develop specific objectives to include in the monitoring plan to provide direction. objectives may be based on the following considerations: • primary purpose for monitoring (e.g., permits, reduce environ- mental impacts, public image, etc.) • end users of the monitoring data • data uses and possible analyses • parameters and conditions to be monitored and for what time period • resolution and accuracy of the data • monitoring and sampling methods • monitoring locations and sampling sites • monitoring time period and frequency • data management, maintenance, and presentation • use risk assessments to identify areas of environmental and ecologic risk over the life of the mine and incorporate response to these risks in the monitoring plan • design the monitoring plan to have short-term and long-term relevancy with respect to the life of the mine • incorporate adaptability and flexibility to meet changing mining activ- ities (leading practice sustainable development program for the min- ing industry, 2009b) • adapt monitoring and data collection to changes in mine operations and plans • changes in the type of mining or in the ore that is mined and pro- cessed on site • events that may cause the company to adjust assumptions on which planning has been based and on which risk was assessed • a significant incident at a similar mine site or in the same region • changes within nearby communities due to mine changes throughout its life-cycle risks associated with environmental monitoring systems when designing a monitoring program, there are two types of risk that can affect the design. the first risk involves the chance that environmental issues 162 environmental impact of mining and mineral processing might arise during the mining process and seriously degrade environmental conditions. the second type of risk is specific to monitoring programs and includes any errors or mistakes that might be inherent to monitoring (leading practice sustainable development program for the mining industry, 2009b). to manage and asses risk related to environmental impacts, the following parameters must be considered in the monitoring plan (leading practice sustainable development program for the mining industry, 2009b): • identify legal and regulatory requirements • use the company risk management framework (also known as a “risk register”) to identify potentially significant environmental risks in order to develop and apply control measures • develop preventative and mitigation procedures for risks identified in the risk assessment after defining these parameters, a risk assessment system can be devel- oped that is sensitive enough to detect risks and apply mitigation measures before issues escalate. appropriate sensitivity parameters and endpoints should be selected according to identified risks. the second type of risk regarding the actual monitoring process and data collection may include the following (leading practice sustainable development program for the mining industry, 2009b): • baseline monitoring is not carried out over a sufficiently representative time period or location to provide good quality data upon which to compare possible environmental impacts • monitoring installations are destroyed by vandalism, fire, flood, or feral animals, causing loss of data at critical times • databases used to manage and interpret data change over time and old data becomes irretrievable • personnel who understand the critical elements of a monitoring pro- gram do not document procedures and, when they leave the company, new personnel are unable to manage the monitoring system to the stan- dard required • monitoring data are reviewed annually but not over the life of a project, causing cumulative impacts to go undetected • monitoring focuses on indirect measures of impact and therefore fails to detect the impacts that need to be measured the frequency or intensity of these risks occurring should be incor- porated into the monitoring design process. control of baseline monitoring activities and installations should be covered in qa/qc protocols. issues environmental monitoring 163 pertaining to longevity, continuity, and data analyses should be covered by the various short-term, medium-term, and long-term monitoring plans. baseline monitoring design obtaining accurate and precise baseline data is extremely important to the success of monitoring programs. baseline data is used for comparison throughout the entire life of the mine to determine environmental impacts and must provide enough data to enable assessment of risk for each parameter in each stage of mine operation. baseline monitoring should start in the pre-feasibility stage of mine planning and include all relevant envi- ronmental, social, and economic issues identified in risk planning (leading practice sustainable development program for the mining industry, 2009b). risk planning, as discussed above, is very important as it dictates the amount and extent of the baseline monitoring. baseline monitoring should continue throughout the life of the mine. comparing baseline data to impact data can provide insight into the variability caused by non-mining impacts and pre-existing conditions. baseline studies must be able to gather the necessary data to support predictions of potential impacts and determine strategies for mitigating impacts. the major objectives of an environmental baseline study should be to gather enough data in order to (british columbia ministry of envi- ronment, 2012): • characterize risks to water, air, and land quality • characterize socioeconomic risks • determine impact mechanisms and pathways • establish relevant and safe thresholds for parameters indicative of ecosystem health • facilitate design of water and environmental quality monitoring program one of the first steps in developing a baseline monitoring plan is to review existing information. site information can be obtained from sources such as peer reviewed literature, reports from government agencies and research institutes, government monitoring datasets, geological surveys, long-term weather and climate monitoring stations, water quality moni- toring stations, well records, photographs, aerial and satellite imagery, local licenses, maps, and various industries operating in the area of interest. careful review of existing information can help determine the need for further monitoring and locations where monitoring may be most important. 164 environmental impact of mining and mineral processing site selection for baseline monitoring varies depending on the type of monitoring. sites should be reasonably accessible to allow for periodic maintenance and should be widespread to cover the entire area impacted by a mining project. monitoring locations should be based on needs specified in the impact monitoring design plan. sites up-gradient and down-gradient from the mining project should be selected for air quality, hydrology and water quality, and local flora and fauna to determine baseline conditions for any changes that may result from the project. when determining baseline variables to be measured, it is important to understand the type of mining project in consideration. some operations may pose a greater risk of contamination for specific variables (e.g., heavy metals), than others. for example, a uranium mine should place a high priority on radionuclide monitoring throughout baseline monitoring and well past remediation. however, other mines may not necessarily need to be concerned with radionuclides, and once baseline levels are established, if no increases are seen during operation, radionuclides can become candi- dates for monitoring termination. regardless of the risk posed by a specific variable, it is important to establish baseline values for all variables before considering their removal. the removal of any locations or constituents from monitoring should be well documented and rationale should be provided for their removal. sampling frequency and resolution are determined by the end data use, as some models have specific data input requirements. data may need to be collected semiannually for attributes such as aquatic life, while climate and water quality data may need to be measured continuously. commonly accepted standards for sampling periods have been established for envi- ronmental sampling and monitoring, and usually consist of data collected over a minimum of one year to account for seasonal changes. a sample list of considerations for baseline monitoring locations, vari- ables and indicator organisms, and sampling periods is provided in ta- ble 5.1. categories and indicators to be monitored should be customized on a site-specific basis. impact monitoring design impact monitoring must be designed considering feasible data analysis techniques. carefully choosing data analysis techniques and monitoring locations will produce a much more cost-effective program and give insight into sampling frequency and the duration of sampling. impact monitoring environmental monitoring 165 table 5.1 baseline monitoring design and considerations for mining operations (british columbia ministry of environment, 2012; leading practice sustainable development program for the mining industry, 2009b) baseline monitoring category indicators, measurements, and activities sampling period site selection geology and geochemistry • bulk sampling • logging and sampling of drill cores • background radiation • mapping and sampling trenches • regional and local surface mapping • surficial geophysical studies • stream sediment and surface water/ seep water surveys • overburden mapping and sampling • identification of surface features e • must characterize geology and geochemistry over entire project footprint, especially areas where mineral extraction and drilling will take place. meteorology and climate • precipitation • pan evaporation • temperature (highs and lows) • dew point • duration of sunshine • snowpack • relative humidity • barometric pressure • sigma theta (standard deviation of horizontal wind direction) • wind speed and direction • net radiation • noise one year of baseline data is usually necessary. data should be collected daily or continuously. • many meteorological stations required if mine project extends into various topographical systems. • must demonstrate weather and climate over entire project footprint. 166 environmental impact of mining and mineral processing air quality • greenhouse gas emissions • particulate matter (pm 2.5 , pm 10 ) • ozone • nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide • volatile organic compounds (vocs), pahs • heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel) • carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide one year of baseline data is usually necessary. data should be collected daily or continuously. • many monitoring stations required parameters that are in environmental or regulatory permits, • identify legal and regulatory requirements • use the company risk management framework
پارامترهای موجود در مجوزهای محیطی یا نظارتی، • شناسایی الزامات قانونی و نظارتی • استفاده از چارچوب مدیریت ریسک شرکت
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