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the interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds, notably , , , and .
سخت‌کام کمان بالای دندان‌ها را تشکیل می‌دهد و از بخشهایی از استخوان ماگزیلا و استخوان پالاتین تشکیل شده است.
the first american plastic surgeon was john peter mettauer, who, in 1827, performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself.
اولین جراح پلاستیک آمریکایی john peter mettauer در سال 1827 شکاف کام را ترمیم نمود.
==the animal cell ()==* embryology* ontogeny* phylogeny* ovum* spermatozoön* segmentation* differentiation* somatic cells* germinal cells* animal cell* fertilized ovum* cytoplasm* nucleus* nucleolus* cytoplasm (protoplasm)* mitochondria* paraplasm* spongioplasm* hyaloplasm* cell membrane* nucleus* nuclear membrane* nuclear substance (nuclear matrix)* karyoplasm* karyomitome* linin* chromatin (basichromatin)* nucleoli* pseudo-nucleoli* true nucleoli* centrosome* centriole* centrosphere* attraction sphere* direct division* indirect division or karyokinesis (karyomitosis)* resting stage* prophase* chromosomes* achromatic spindle* mother star or monaster* metaphase* daughter chromosomes* anaphase* diaster* skein, or spirem* telophase==the ovum ()==* oögonia* ova or primary oöcytes* yolk or oöplasm* germinal vesicle* germinal spot* zona striata or zona pellucida* corona radiata* cytoplasm* formative yolk* nutritive yolk or deutoplasm* centrosome* centriole* germinal vesicle* zona striata or zona pellucida* corona radiata* polar bodies or polocytes* mature ovum* secondary oöcyte* first polar body* mature ovum* second polar body* female pronucleus==the spermatozoön ()==* spermatozoa or male germ cells* neck* anterior centriole* connecting piece or body* terminal disk* axial filament* spiral thread* mitochondria sheath* tail* end-piece* spermatogonia* primary spermatocytes* secondary spermatocytes* spermatids==fertilization of the ovum ()==* tubal pregnancy* abdominal pregnancy* ovarian pregnancy* cone of attraction* vitelline membrane* male pronucleus* segmentation nucleus==segmentation of the fertilized ovum ()==* holoblastic* meroblastic* morula* trophoblast* inner cell-mass* blastodermic vesicle* embryonic pole* syncytium or syncytiotrophoblast* cytotrophoblast or layer of langhans* amniotic cavity* embryonic disk* embryonic ectoderm===primitive streak===* primitive streak* hensen's knot* primitive groove* blastophore* buccopharyngeal membrane* pericardial area* proamniotic area* proamnion* cloacal membrane===ectoderm===* ectoderm===entoderm===* entoderm===mesoderm===* mesoderm* paraxial mesoderm* lateral mesoderm* intermediate cell-mass* lateral mesoderm** somatic layer*** somatopleure** splanchnic layer*** splanchnopleure* celom==the neural groove and tube ()==* neural folds* neural groove* neural tube or neural canal* neurenteric canal* sinus rhomboidalis* neural crest or ganglion ridge* fore-brain (prosencephalon)* mid-brain (mesencephalon)* hind-brain (rhombencephalon)* medulla spinalis or spinal cord==the notochord ()==* chordal furrow* notochord==the primitive segments ()==* primitive segments* myocœl* intermediate cell-mass==separation of the embryo ()==* cephalic fold of embryo* caudal fold of embryo* fore-gut* body-stalk* hind-gut* umbilical vesicle* vitelline duct==the yolk-sac ()==* vitelline fluid* vitelline circulation* vitelline duct* meckel's diverticulum==development of the fetal membranes and placenta ()==* allantois* allantois** body-stalk* amnion** amniotic ectoderm** amniotic fold** amniotic cavity** amnion** false amnion or serosa* umbilical cord and body-stalk* umbilical cord and body-stalk** jelly of wharton* implantation or imbedding of the ovum** intervillous space* decidua** decidual cells** stratum compactum* decidua** stratum spongiosum** unaltered or boundary layer** decidua capsularis** decidua basalis or decidua placentalis** decidua vera or decidua parietalis* chorion** cytotrophoblast or layer of langhans** syncytiotrophoblast** chorionic villi* chorion** chorion læve* chorion** chorion frondosum* placenta* fetal portion* maternal portion** basal plate** cotyledons* separation of the placenta** after-birth** cotyledons* separation of the placenta** velamentous insertion==the branchial region ()==* branchial arches or visceral arches and pharyngeal pouches** branchial or outer pharyngeal grooves** closing membranes* branchial arches or visceral arches and pharyngeal pouches** gill-clefts** branchial arches or visceral arches* mandibular arch (first branchial arch)** meckel's cartilages** maxillary process** second branchial arch or hyoid arch* mandibular arch (first branchial arch)** third branchial arch** fourth branchial arch** fifth branchial arch** sixth branchial arch** sinus cervicalis* sinus tonsillaris* nose and face** olfactory areas** fronto-nasal process* nose and face** olfactory pits** medial nasal process** lateral nasal process** globular processes of his** nasal laminae* nose and face** columella* maxillary process** naso-optic furrow* maxillary process** primitive palate** bucco-nasal membrane** primitive choanae** palatine processes** permanent choanae* maxillary process** vomero-nasal organs of jacobson* limbs==development of the body cavities ()==* septum transversum==the form of the embryo at different stages of its growth ()==* embryo, form of, at different stages:==see also==* list of images and subjects in gray's anatomy* gray's anatomy
==the یوکاریوت ()==* رویان‌شناسی* ontogeny* تخمک* segmentation* یاخته‌های سوماتیک* germinal cells* fertilized ovum* هسته یاخته* سیتوپلاسم (پروتوپلاسم)* میتوکندری* paraplasm* spongioplasm* hyaloplasm* هسته یاخته* nuclear membrane* nuclear substance (nuclear matrix)* کروماتین* linin* کروماتین (basichromatin)* هستک* pseudo-nucleoli* true nucleoli* centrosome* centrosphere* attraction sphere* direct division* indirect division or رشتمان (karyomitosis)* فاز g0* کروموزوم* achromatic spindle* mother star or monaster* تقسیم یاخته* diaster* skein, or spirem* تلوفاز==the تخمک ()==* oögonia* تخمک or اوسایت* زرده تخم‌مرغ or oöplasm* germinal spot* zona striata or zona pellucida* corona radiata* formative yolk* nutritive yolk or deutoplasm* centrosome* اوسایت* zona striata or zona pellucida* corona radiata* polar bodies or polocytes* mature ovum* اوسایت* first polar body* mature ovum* second polar body* female pronucleus==the اسپرم ()==* اسپرم or گامت* گردن* anterior centriole* connecting piece or body* terminal disk* spiral thread* mitochondria sheath* end-piece* spermatogonia* primary spermatocytes* secondary spermatocytes* spermatids==بارورسازی of the تخمک ()==* حاملگی نابجا* abdominal pregnancy* ovarian pregnancy* cone of attraction* vitelline membrane* male pronucleus* segmentation nucleus==segmentation of the fertilized تخمک ()==* شکافت رویان* توته* trophoblast* inner cell-mass* blastodermic vesicle* embryonic pole* syncytium or syncytiotrophoblast* cytotrophoblast or layer of langhans* amniotic cavity* embryonic disk===primitive streak===* primitive streak* hensen's knot* primitive groove* blastophore* buccopharyngeal membrane* proamniotic area* proamnion* cloacal membrane========================* paraxial mesoderm* lateral mesoderm* intermediate cell-mass* lateral mesoderm** somatic layer*** somatopleure** splanchnic layer*** splanchnopleure* celom==the neural groove and tube ()==* neural folds* neural groove* لوله عصبی or لوله عصبی* neurenteric canal* sinus rhomboidalis* neural crest or ganglion ridge* fore-brain (prosencephalon)* hind-brain (rhombencephalon)* طناب نخاعی or طناب نخاعی==the notochord ()==* chordal furrow* notochord==the primitive segments ()==* primitive segments* myocœl* intermediate cell-mass==separation of the رویان ()==* cephalic fold of رویان* caudal fold of رویان* fore-gut* body-stalk* hind-gut* umbilical vesicle* vitelline duct==the yolk-sac ()==* vitelline fluid* vitelline circulation* vitelline duct==development of the fetal membranes and جفت (کالبدشناسی) ()==* allantois* allantois** body-stalk* amnion** amniotic ectoderm** amniotic fold** amniotic cavity** amnion** false amnion or serosa* بند ناف and body-stalk* بند ناف and body-stalk** jelly of wharton* implantation or imbedding of the ovum** intervillous space* decidua** decidual cells** stratum compactum* decidua** stratum spongiosum** unaltered or boundary layer** decidua capsularis** decidua basalis or decidua placentalis** decidua vera or decidua parietalis** cytotrophoblast or layer of langhans** syncytiotrophoblast** chorionic villi* برون‌شامه رویان** chorion læve* برون‌شامه رویان** chorion frondosum* fetal portion* maternal portion** basal plate** cotyledons* separation of the placenta** cotyledons* separation of the placenta** velamentous insertion==the branchial region ()==* branchial arches or visceral arches and pharyngeal pouches** branchial or outer pharyngeal grooves** closing membranes* branchial arches or visceral arches and pharyngeal pouches** gill-clefts** branchial arches or visceral arches* mandibular arch (first branchial arch)** meckel's cartilages** maxillary process** second branchial arch or hyoid arch* mandibular arch (first branchial arch)** third branchial arch** fourth branchial arch** fifth branchial arch** sixth branchial arch** sinus cervicalis* sinus tonsillaris* nose and صورت** olfactory areas** fronto-nasal process* nose and صورت** olfactory pits** medial nasal process** lateral nasal process** globular processes of his** nasal laminae* nose and صورت** columella* maxillary process** naso-optic furrow* maxillary process** primitive palate** bucco-nasal membrane** palatine processes* maxillary process* limbs==development of the body cavities ()==* septum transversum==the form of the رویان at different stages of its growth ()==* رویان, form of, at different stages:* فهرست تصویرها و موضوعات کالبدشناسی گری* آناتومی گری
