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c/c/inte seddee la bouzik uft mish ma32oul 7ek
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although many somatic cell types express insulin receptors, the role of insulin in glucose homeostasis is typified by in- sulin’s direct effects on skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipocytes. these tissues perform distinct roles in metabolic homeostasis, necessitating tissue-specific insulin signal transduction pathways. for example, in skeletal muscle, insulin promotes glucose utilization and storage by increas- ing glucose transport and net glycogen synthesis. in liver, insulin activates glycogen synthesis, increases lipogenic gene expression, and decreases gluconeogenic gene expres- sion. in white adipocyte tissue (wat), insulin suppresses lipolysis and increases glucose transport and lipogenesis. despite these diverse effects, the proximal components in- volved in insulin signal transduction are remarkably similar in all insulin-responsive cells. the diversity of physiological insulin responses in different cell types largely owes to dis- tinct distal effectors. the cell-autonomous effects of insulin in skeletal muscle, liver, and wat, with an emphasis on signal transduction events linked to physiological regula- tion of metabolic fluxes, will be explored in section ii. in addition to these direct effects, insulin also exerts impor- tant indirect effects on target tissues. because of the inte- grated, context-specific nature of these indirect effects, t
animals, insulin or insulin like peptides (ilps) have been identified (120). in invertebrates, ilps provide mitogenic signaling input, but their effects on metabolic processes and fuel selection are less significant (917). leveraging gene du plication events through evolutionary time, mammals de veloped specialized functions for the related peptide hor mones insulin, insulin like growth factor (igf) 1 and igf 2 (120). igf 1 and igf 2 promote cell growth and differen tiation in mammals; in co