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cukup sekian penjelasan dari saya
enough of my explanation
Dernière mise à jour : 2020-08-27
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cukup sekian dari saya dan terima kasih
that's all and thank you
Dernière mise à jour : 2020-11-01
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terima kasih pak
hello everyone, welcome to blockchain island
Dernière mise à jour : 2021-12-20
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terima kasih banyak
i'm so sorry.
Dernière mise à jour : 2022-08-30
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terima kasih banyak.
thanks a lot.
Dernière mise à jour : 2016-03-25
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terima kasih atas doa nya
thank you for your prayers and support
Dernière mise à jour : 2022-03-06
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terima kasih suami terbaikku
thank kashi my best husband
Dernière mise à jour : 2023-01-19
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terima kasih atas kepercayaan anda.
thank you for your trust and cooperation.
Dernière mise à jour : 2023-01-01
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terima kasih atas jasa-jasanya
keep inspiring
Dernière mise à jour : 2020-06-21
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sekian dari saya,saya akhiri wassalam
from the psp b class, here
Dernière mise à jour : 2020-12-10
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terima kasih tuhan 11 years old
terima kasih tuhan 11 years old
Dernière mise à jour : 2024-03-04
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terima kasih untuk sahabat ku anandamp
thank you for my friend anandamp
Dernière mise à jour : 2020-10-16
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peluk jauh dari saya
hug away from me
Dernière mise à jour : 2024-04-14
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kamu lebih muda dari saya
google transleter
Dernière mise à jour : 2014-12-29
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masih ada yang ditutupi dari saya
the most potent suppressors of gastric acid secretion are inhibitors of the gastric h+,k+-atpase (proton pump) (figure 36–2a). in typical doses, these drugs diminish the daily production of acid (basal and stimulated) by 80% to 95%. five proton pump inhibitors are available for clinical use: omeprazole (prilosec, rapinex, zegerid) and its s-isomer, esomeprazole (nexium), lansoprazole (prevacid), rabeprazole (aciphex), and pantoprazole (protonix). these drugs have different substitutions on their pyridine and/or benzimidazole groups but are remarkably similar in their pharmacological properties (see appendix ii). omeprazole is a racemic mixture of r- and s-isomers; the s-isomer, esomeprazole (s-omeprazole), is eliminated less rapidly than r-omeprazole, which theoretically provides a therapeutic advantage because of the increased half-life. despite claims to the contrary, all proton pump inhibitors have equivalent efficacy at comparable doses. proton pump inhibitors are prodrugs that require activation in an acid environment. after absorption into the systemic circulation, the prodrug diffuses into the parietal cells of the stomach and accumulates in the acidic secretory canaliculi. here, it is activated by proton-catalyzed formation of a tetracyclic sulfenamide (figure 36–2), trapping the drug so that it cannot diffuse back across the canalicular membrane. the activated form then binds covalently with sulfhydryl groups of cysteines in the h+,k+-atpase, irreversibly inactivating the pump molecule. acid secretion resumes only after new pump molecules are synthesized and inserted into the luminal membrane, providing a prolonged (up to 24- to 48-hour) suppression of acid secretion, despite the much shorter plasma half-lives (0.5 to 2 hours) of the parent compounds. because they block the final step in acid production, the proton pump inhibitors are effective in acid suppression regardless of other stimulating factors. the most potent suppressors of gastric acid secretion are inhibitors of the gastric h+,k+-atpase (proton pump) (figure 36–2a). in typical doses, these drugs diminish the daily production of acid (basal and stimulated) by 80% to 95%. five proton pump inhibitors are available for clinical use: omeprazole (prilosec, rapinex, zegerid) and its s-isomer, esomeprazole (nexium), lansoprazole (prevacid), rabeprazole (aciphex), and pantoprazole (protonix). these drugs have different substitutions on their pyridine and/or benzimidazole groups but are remarkably similar in their pharmacological properties (see appendix ii). omeprazole is a racemic mixture of r- and s-isomers; the s-isomer, esomeprazole (s-omeprazole), is eliminated less rapidly than r-omeprazole, which theoretically provides a therapeutic advantage because of the increased half-life. despite claims to the contrary, all proton pump inhibitors have equivalent efficacy at comparable doses. proton pump inhibitors are prodrugs that require activation in an acid environment. after absorption into the systemic circulation, the prodrug diffuses into the parietal cells of the stomach and accumulates in the acidic secretory canaliculi. here, it is activated by proton-catalyzed formation of a tetracyclic sulfenamide (figure 36–2), trapping the drug so that it cannot diffuse back across the canalicular membrane. the activated form then binds covalently with sulfhydryl groups of cysteines in the h+,k+-atpase, irreversibly inactivating the pump molecule. acid secretion resumes only after new pump molecules are synthesized and inserted into the luminal membrane, providing a prolonged (up to 24- to 48-hour) suppression of acid secretion, despite the much shorter plasma half-lives (0.5 to 2 hours) of the parent compounds. because they block the final step in acid production, the proton pump inhibitors are effective in acid suppression regardless of other stimulating factors.
Dernière mise à jour : 2014-04-24
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