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bu yöntemi, muhtemel kısıtlamaları da hesaba katarak genişletmiş ve lagrange çarpanlarını üretmiştir.
he also extended the method to take into account possible constraints, arriving at the method of lagrange multipliers.
lagrange kendisine sık sık hayatın mükemmel düzenliliğinin avantajları hakkında söylevler veren kralın gözdesiydi.
lagrange was a favourite of the king, who used frequently to discourse to him on the advantages of perfect regularity of life.
lagrange için babası tarafından belirlenen kariyer avukatlık oldu ve langrange bunu istekli bir şekilde kabul etti.
a career as a lawyer was planned out for lagrange by his father, and certainly lagrange seems to have accepted this willingly.
sonraki aşamalarda, klasik mekaniğin yeniden formüle edilmesiyle lagrange ve hamilton mekaniği gibi daha öz ve genel yöntemler geliştirildi.
later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as lagrangian mechanics and hamiltonian mechanics.
==lagrange İşlevi ve hamilton İşlevlerinin Özellikleri==aşağıdakiler lagrangian ve hamiltonian işlevlerinin arasındaki birbirleriyle örtüşen özellikleridir.
==properties of the lagrangian and hamiltonian functions==following are overlapping properties between the lagrangian and hamiltonian functions.
1788 yılında, joseph louis lagrange ‘’mécanique analytique’’adlı eserinde hareket halindeki cisimlerin lagrange denklemlerinden bahsetmiştir.
in 1788, joseph louis lagrange presented lagrange's equations of motion in "mécanique analytique".
==== -Ölçüm birimleri====lagrange 1790’larda ölçümler için yeni bir birim sistemi oluşturma çalışmalarında yer aldı.
==== units of measurement ====lagrange was considerably involved in the process of making new standard units of measurement in the 1790s.
bu yüzden, sistemin geçmişte veya gelecekteki durumunu hesap etmek, hamilton'un veya lagrange'ın hareket denkleminin integrasyonuyla mümkündür.
because of this, it is possible to calculate the state of the system at any given time in the future or the past, through integration of hamilton's or lagrange's equations of motion.
==berlin’deki Çalışmaları==lagrange, berlin’de geçirdiği yirmi yıl boyunca bilimsel çalışmalar açısından oldukça aktifti.
==work in berlin==lagrange was extremely active scientifically during twenty years he spent in berlin.
:formula_82=== langrange çarpanları ile çıkarma ===sistemin çokluğu incelenerek ve lagrange çarpanları incelenerek doğrudan bir sonuç elde edilebilir.
formula_81===microcanonical ensemble===a result can be achieved by directly analyzing the multiplicities of the system and using lagrange multipliers.
==== - École normale====1795 yılında lagrange yeni kurulan ve sadece dört ay boyunca çalışmaktan zevk aldığı École normale’de matematik öğretmenliğine atandı.
==== École normale ====in 1795, lagrange was appointed to a mathematical chair at the newly established École normale, which enjoyed only a brief existence of four months.
optimizasyon yaparken, lagrange çarpanı methodu (joseph louis lagrange'dan sonra isimlendirildi), bir fonksiyonun maksimum ve minimum noktalarını bulmak için kullanılan bir yöntemdir.
in mathematical optimization, the method of lagrange multipliers (named after joseph louis lagrange) is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equality constraints.
)* louise freeland jenkins (abd, 1888 – 1970)* david jewitt* alfred harrison joy (abd, 1882 – 1973)== k ==* franz kaiser (almanya, 1891 – 1962)* jacobus kapteyn (hollanda, 1851 – 1922)* lyudmila georgievna karachkina (ukrayna)* ghiyath al-kashi (İran, 1380 - 1429)* james edward keeler (abd, 1857 – 1900)* muraoka kenji, (japonya, 1955 – )* johannes kepler (almanya, 1571 – 1630)* omar khayyám (İran, 1048 – 1131)* al-khujandi (İran, 10th yüzyıl)* khwarizmi, (İran, 780 – 850)* abdullah kızılırmak, (türkiye, 1925 – 1983)* kidinnu (babil, yaklaşık mÖ 400 – mÖ 310)* hisashi kimura (japonya, 1870 –1943)* daniel kirkwood (1814 – 1895)* ernst friedrich wilhelm klinkerfues (almanya, 1827 – 1884)* viktor knorre (rusya, 1840 – 1919)* takao kobayashi (japonya)* luboš kohoutek (1935 – )* zdeněk kopal (Çek cumhuriyeti, birleşik krallık, abd, 1914 – 1993)* mikolaj kopernik (polonya, 1473 – 1543)* august kopff (almanya, 1882 – 1960)* korado korlević (hırvatistan)* savvas michael koushiappas (kıbrıs, 1972 – )* charles t. kowal (abd, 1940 – )* robert kraft* Ľubor kresák (slovakya, 1927 – 1994)* gerard kuiper (hollanda, abd, 1905 – 1973)* yoshio kushida (japonya, 1957 – )* ali kuşçu (osmanlı, 1403 – 1474)* İbrahim küçük (türkiye, 1960 – )== l ==* nicolas louis de lacaille (fransa, 1713 – 1762)* claes-ingvar lagerkvist (İsveç)* joseph-louis lagrange (fransa, 1736 – 1813)* jérôme lalande (fransa, 1732 – 1807)* johann heinrich lambert (fransa, almanya, 1728 – 1777)* samuel pierpont langley (abd, 1834 – 1906)* pierre-simon laplace (fransa, 1749 – 1827)* william lassell (birleşik krallık, 1799 – 1880)* a. laurent (fransa)* henrietta swan leavitt (abd, 1868 – 1921)* typhoon lee (abd and tayvan)* guillaume le gentil (fransa, 1725 – 1792)* georges lemaître (belçika, 1894 – 1966)* pierre lemonnier (fransa, 1715 – 1799)* armin leuschner (almanya, 1868 – 1953)* urbain le verrier (fransa, 1811 – 1877)* david levy (abd)* bertil lindblad (İsveç, 1895 – 1965)* joseph johann littrow (avusturya, 1781 – 1840)* karl l. littrow (avusturya, 1811 – 1877)* joseph lockyer (birleşik krallık, 1836 – 1920)* maurice loewy (avusturya/fransa, 1833 – 1907)* christian sørensen longomontanus (danimarka, 1562 – 1647)* lord rosse (İrlanda, 1800 – 1867)* percival lowell (abd, 1855 – 1916)* john william lubbock (birleşik krallık, 1803 – 1865)* robert luther (almanya, 1822 – 1900)* jane luu (abd)* willem luyten (1899 – 1994)* donald lynden-bell* bernard lyot (fransa, 1897 – 1952)== m ==* adriaan van maanen (abd, 1884 – 1946)* george parker, 2nd earl of macclesfield (birleşik krallık, c. 1697 – 1764)* geoff marcy (abd)* simon marius (almanya, 1573 – 1624)* brian marsden (abd)* albert marth (almanya, 1828 – 1897)* nevil maskelyne (birleşik krallık, 1732 – 1811)* charles mason (birleşik krallık, abd, 1730 – 1787)* janet akyüz mattei (türkiye/abd, 1943 – 2004)* edward walter maunder (birleşik krallık, 1851 – 1928)* pierre louis maupertuis (fransa, 1698 – 1759)* alain maury (fransa)* cornell mayer (abd, 1922-2005)* tobias mayer (almanya, 1723 – 1762)* christopher mckee (abd, 1942 – )* robert s. mcmillan (abd)* william h. mccrea (birleşik krallık, 1904 – 1999)* bruce a. mcintosh (kanada 1929 – )* pierre méchain (fransa, 1744 – 1804)* thebe medupe (güney afrika)* karen jean meech (abd)* aden baker meinel (abd, 1922 – )* philibert jacques melotte (birleşik krallık, 1880 – 1961)* paul willard merrill (abd, 1887 – 1961)* charles messier (fransa, 1730 – 1817)* joel hastings metcalf (abd, 1866 – 1925)* john michell (birleşik krallık, 1724 – 1793)* elia millosevich (İtalya, 1848 – 1919)* dan milosavljevic* edward arthur milne (birleşik krallık, 1896 – 1950)* rudolph minkowski (almanya, 1895 – 1976)* marcel gilles jozef minnaert (belçika, 1893 – 1970)* maria mitchell (abd, 1818 – 1889)* samuel molyneux (birleşik krallık)* geminiano montanari (İtalya, 1633 – 1687)* patrick moore (birleşik krallık, 1923 – )* william wilson morgan (abd, 1906 – 1994)* amédée mouchez (fransa, 1821 – 1892)* august ferdinand möbius (almanya, 1790 – 1868)* antonín mrkos (Çek cumhuriyeti, 1918 – 1996)* jean mueller (abd)* bin musa, ahmad, (İran, 805 - 873)* bin musa, hasan, (İran, 810 - 873)* bin musa, muhammad, (İran, (800 - 873)* nils mustelin (finlandiya, 1931 – 2004)* johannes müller (almanya, 1436 – 1476)* zekeriya müyesseroğlu (türkiye, 1959 – 2006)== n ==* naubakht (İran, d. 776)* al-fadl ibn naubakht (İran, 8. yüzyıl)* nabu-rimanni (babylonia, yaklaşık mÖ 560 – mÖ 480)* ahmad nahavandi (İran, 7-8. yüzyıl)* syuichi nakano (japonya)* grigoriy nikolaevich neujmin (rusya, 1886 – 1946)* gerry neugebauer* otto neugebauer (almanya, abd, 1899 – 1990)* simon newcomb (abd, 1835 – 1909)* isaac newton (birleşik krallık, 1643 – 1727)* seth barnes nicholson (abd, 1891 – 1963)* peter nilson (İsveç, 1937 – 1998)== o ==* tarmo oja (İsveç)* heinrich wilhelm matthäus olbers (almanya, 1758 – 1840)* gerard o'neill (abd,1927 – 1992)* jan hendrik oort (hollanda, 1900 – 1992)* friedrich wilhelm opelt (almanya, 1794 – 1863)* ernst Öpik (estonya, İrlanda, 1893 – 1985)* donald edward osterbrock, abd, 1924 – )* liisi oterma (finlandiya, 1915 – 2001)== p ==* bohdan paczynski, (polonya 1940 – )* Ľudmila pajdušáková (slovakya, 1916 – 1979)* johann palisa, (avusturya, 1848 – 1925)* johann palitzsch (1723 – 1788)* anton pannekoek (hollanda, 1873 – 1960)* george parker, 2nd earl of macclesfield (birleşik krallık, c. 1697 – 1764)* eugene parker (abd, 1927 – )* william parsons, lord rosse (İrlanda, 1800 – 1867)* andré patry (fransa, 1902 – 1960)* cecilia payne-gaposchkin (birleşik krallık abd, 1900 – 1979)* james peebles (kanada abd, 1935 – )* leslie copus peltier (abd, 1900 – 1980)* roger penrose (birleşik krallık, 1931 – )* arno penzias (almanya, 1933 – )* charles dillon perrine (abd, arjantin, 1867 – 1951)* henri joseph anastase perrotin (fransa, 1845 – 1904)* christian heinrich friedrich peters (almanya, abd, 1813 – 1890)* george henry peters (abd, 1863 – 1947)* erik v. petersen (danimarka, 1911 – )* giuseppe piazzi (İtalya, 1746 – 1826)* edward charles pickering (abd, 1846 – 1919)* william henry pickering (abd, 1858 – 1938)* pisagor* philip plait (abd)* giovanni antonio amedeo plana (İtalya, 1781 – 1864)* john stanley plaskett (kanada, 1865 – 1941)* norman robert pogson, (birleşik krallık, 1829 – 1891)* christian pollas, (fransa)* john pond (İngiltere, 1767 – 1836)* jean-louis pons (fransa, 1761 – 1831)* charles pritchard (birleşik krallık, 1808 – 1893)* richard proctor (İngiltere, 1837 – 1888)* ptolemy İskenderiye'li (romalı mısır, yaklaşık 85 – 165)* pierre puiseux (fransa, 1855 – 1928)* georg purbach (almanya, 1423 – 1461)== q ==* adolphe quetelet (belçika, 1796 – 1874)== r ==* david lincoln rabinowitz (abd, 1960 – )* samuel ramsden (birleşik krallık)* pavla ranzinger (slovenya)* grote reber (abd, 1911 – 2002)* martin rees (birleşik krallık, 1942 – )* regiomontanus (johannes müller) (almanya, 1436 – 1476)* erasmus reinhold (prusya, almanya, 1511 – 1553)* karl reinmuth (almanya, 1892 – 1979)* giovanni battista riccioli (İtalya, 1598 – 1671)* jean richer (fransa, 1630 – 1696)* fernand rigaux (belçika)* elizabeth roemer (abd, 1929 – )* jim rolff (abd , 1983 &ndashl; )* ole christensen rømer (danimarka, 1644 – 1710)* otto a. rosenberger (almanya, 1800 – 1890)* lord rosse (İrlanda, 1800 – 1867)* bruno rossi (İtalya, 1905 – 1993)* vera rubin (abd, 1928 – )* henry norris russell (abd, 1877 – 1957)* martin ryle (birleşik krallık, 1918 – 1984)== s ==* sir edward sabine (birleşik krallık, 1788 – 1883)* carl edward sagan (abd, 1934 – 1996)* edwin ernest salpeter (avusturya, avustralya, abd, 1924 – )* allan rex sandage (1926 – )* wallace leslie william sargent* alexandre schaumasse (fransa, 1882 – 1958)* giovanni virginio schiaparelli (İtalya, 1835 – 1910)* frank schlesinger (abd, 1871 – 1943)* bernhard schmidt (estonya, İsveç, almanya, 1879 – 1935)* maarten schmidt (1929 – )* johann hieronymus schröter (almanya, 1745 – 1816)* lipót schulhof (macaristan, 1847 – 1921)* heinrich christian schumacher (almanya, 1780 – 1850)* hans-emil schuster (almanya, 1934 – )* samuel heinrich schwabe (almanya, 1789 – 1875)* karl schwarzschild (almanya, 1873 – 1916)* martin schwarzschild (almanya, abd, 1912 – 1997)* friedrich karl arnold schwassmann (almanya, 1870 – 1964)* ruby payne scott (avustralya, 1912 – 1981)* james vernon scotti (abd, 1960 – )* frederick hanley seares (abd, 1873 – 1964)* george mary searle (abd, 1839 – 1918)* tsutomu seki (japonya, 1930 – )* carl keenan seyfert (abd, 1911 – 1960)* grigory abramovich shajn (rusya, 1892 – 1956)* pelageya fedorovna shajn (rusya, 1894 – 1956)* harlow shapley (abd, 1885 – 1972)* richard sheepshanks (birleşik krallık, 1794 – 1855)* qutb eddin shirazi (İran)* iosif samuilovich shklovsky (rusya, 1916 – 1985)* carolyn jean spellmann shoemaker (abd, 1929 – )* eugene merle shoemaker (abd, 1928 – 1997)* charlotte moore sitterly (abd, 1898 – 1990)* brian a. skiff (abd)* john francis skjellerup (avustralya, güney afrika, 1875 – 1952)* charles d. slaughter (abd)* vesto melvin slipher (abd, 1875 – 1969)* tamara mikhaylovna smirnova (rusya, 1918 – )* william henry smyth (birleşik krallık, 1788 – 1865)* nina a. solovaya (rusya, 1940 – )* mary fairfax somerville (birleşik krallık, 1780 – 1872)* sir james south (birleşik krallık, (1785 – 1867)* sir harold spencer jones (birleşik krallık, 1890 – 1960)* lyman spitzer (abd, 1914 – 1997)* friederich wilhelm gustav spörer (almanya, 1822 – 1895)* anton staus (almanya, 1872 – 1955)* joel stebbins, (abd, 1878 – 1966)* karl august von steinheil, (almanya, 1801 – 1870)* Édouard jean-marie stephan, (fransa, 1837 – 1923)* david j. stevenson, (yeni zelanda, 1948 – )* edward james stone, (1831 – 1897)* bengt georg daniel strömgren, (danimarka, 1908 – 1987)* friedrich georg wilhelm (von) struve (almanya, rusya, 1793 – 1864)* karl hermann struve (rusya, almanya, 1854 – 1920)* gustav wilhelm ludwig struve (rusya, 1858 – 1920)* otto struve (rusya, abd, 1897 – 1963)* otto wilhelm (von) struve (rusya, 1819 – 1905)* abd al-rahman al sufi (İran, 903 – 986)* rashid alievich sunyaev (Özbekistan rusya almanya, 1943 – )* lewis a.
1st century ad)*joseph lockyer (uk, 1836 — 1920)*maurice loewy (austria/france, 1833 — 1907)*christian sørensen longomontanus (denmark, 1562 — 1647)*percival lowell (usa, 1855 — 1916)*Àngel lópez (spain)*Álvaro lópez-garcía (spain)*john william lubbock (uk, 1803 — 1865)*knut lundmark (sweden, 1889 — 1958)*robert luther (germany, 1822 — 1900)*lupitus of barcelona (spain)*jane luu (south vietnam, usa 1965 — )*willem luyten (dutch east indies, netherlands, 1899 — 1994)*donald lynden-bell (uk, 1935 — )*andrew lyne - (uk, 1942)*bernard lyot (france, 1897 — 1952)==m==*mahendra suri (india,14th century ce)*ma yize (china, 910 — 1005)*adriaan van maanen (usa, 1884 — 1946)*george parker, 2nd earl of macclesfield (uk, c. 1697 — 1764)*amy mainzer (usa)*steve mandel (usa)*geoff marcy (usa, 1954 — )*simon marius (germany, 1573 — 1624)*brian g. marsden (usa, 1937 — 2010)*albert marth (germany, 1828 — 1897)*nevil maskelyne (uk, 1732 — 1811)*charles mason (uk, usa, 1730 — 1787)*john c. mather (usa, 1946 — )*janet akyüz mattei (turkey/usa, 1943 — 2004)*edward walter maunder (uk, 1851 — 1928)*pierre louis maupertuis (france, 1698 — 1759)*alain maury (france)*matthew fontaine maury (usa, 1806 — 1873)*brian may (uk, 1947 — )*cornell mayer (usa, 1922 — 2005)*tobias mayer (germany, 1723 — 1762)*michel mayor (switzerland, 1942 — )*christopher mckee (usa, 1942 — )*robert s. mcmillan (usa)*william h. mccrea (uk, 1904 — 1999)*bruce a. mcintosh (canada, 1929 — )*robert h. mcnaught (australia)*pierre méchain (france, 1744 — 1804)*thebe medupe (south africa)*karen jean meech (usa)*aden baker meinel (usa, 1922 — )*fulvio melia (usa, 1956 — )*philibert jacques melotte (uk, 1880 — 1961)*paul willard merrill (usa, 1887 — 1961)*david merritt (usa)*charles messier (france, 1730 — 1817)*joel hastings metcalf (usa, 1866 — 1925)*andreas gerasimos michalitsianos (usa, 1947 — 1997)*john michell (uk, 1724 — 1793)*elia millosevich (italy, 1848 — 1919)*edward arthur milne (uk, 1896 — 1950)*rudolph minkowski (germany, 1895 — 1976)*marcel gilles jozef minnaert (belgium, netherlands, 1893 — 1970)*maria mitchell (usa, 1818 — 1889)*seidai miyasaka (japan, 1955 — )*yoshikane mizuno (japan)*august ferdinand möbius (germany, 1790 — 1868)*anthony moffat (canada)*johan maurits mohr (netherlands, 1716 — 1775)*samuel molyneux (uk, 1689 — 1728)*geminiano montanari (italy, 1633 — 1687)*patrick moore (uk, 1923 — 2012)*william wilson morgan (usa, 1906 — 1994)*hiroshi mori (japan, 1958 — )*amédée mouchez (france, 1821 — 1892)*antonín mrkos (czech republic, 1918 — 1996)*jean mueller (usa, 1950 — )*masaru mukai (japan, 1949 — )*johannes müller (germany, 1436 — 1476)*harutaro murakami (japan, 1872 — 1947)*osamu muramatsu (japan, 1949 — )*bin musa, ahmad (persia, 805 — 873)*bin musa, hasan (persia, 810 — 873)*bin musa, muhammad (persia, (800 — 873)*nils mustelin (finland, 1931 — 2004)==n==*nilakantha somayaji (india,1444–1544 ce)*valentin naboth (germany, italy, 1523 — 1593)*naburimannu (babylonia, sometime between 6th century bc and 2nd century bc)*takeshi nagata (japan, 1913 — 1991)*ahmad nahavandi (persia, 7th-8th century)*akimasa nakamura (japan, 1961 — )*syuichi nakano (japan, 1947 — )*jayant narlikar (india, 1938 — )*naubakht (persia, d. 776)*david naylor (canada)*al-fadl ibn naubakht (persia, 8th century)*otto neugebauer (germany, usa, 1899 — 1990)*grigoriy nikolaevich neujmin (russia, 1886 — 1946)*simon newcomb (usa, 1835 — 1909)*isaac newton (uk, 1643 — 1727)*seth barnes nicholson (usa, 1891 — 1963)*albertus antonie nijland (netherlands, 1868 — 1936)*tsuneo niijima (japan)*peter nilson (sweden, 1937 — 1998)*hōei nojiri (japan, 1885 — 1977)*jaime nomen (spain)*toshiro nomura (japan, 1954 — )==o==*knut jørgen røed Ødegaard (norway, 1966 — )*okuro oikawa (japan, 1896 — 1970)*tarmo oja (sweden)*tomimaru okuni (japan, 1931 — )*nicolaus olahus (hungarian, 1493 — 1568)*heinrich wilhelm matthäus olbers (germany, 1758 — 1840)*gerard o'neill (usa, 1927 — 1992)*jan hendrik oort (netherlands, 1900 — 1992)*pieter oosterhoff (netherlands, 1904 — 1978)*ernst Öpik (estonia, ireland, 1893 — 1985)*josé luis ortiz moreno (spain)*yoshiaki oshima (japan)*donald edward osterbrock, usa, 1924 — 2007)*liisi oterma (finland, 1915 — 2001)*satoru otomo (japan, 1913 — )*jean abraham chrétien oudemans (netherlands, 1827 — 1906)==p==*rafael pacheco (spain)*bohdan paczyński (poland, 1940 — 2007)*Ľudmila pajdušáková (slovakia, 1916 — 1979)*johann palisa (austria, 1848 — 1925)*johann palitzsch (germany, 1723 — 1788)*anton pannekoek (netherlands, 1873 — 1960)*eugene parker (usa, 1927 — )*george parker, 2nd earl of macclesfield (uk, c. 1697 — 1764)*william parsons, lord rosse (ireland, 1800 — 1867)*andré patry (france, 1902 — 1960)*cecilia payne-gaposchkin (uk, usa, 1900 — 1979)*ruby payne-scott (australia, 1912 — 1981)*james peebles (canada, usa, 1935 — )*leslie copus peltier (usa, 1900 — 1980)*roger penrose (uk, 1931 — )*arno penzias (usa, germany, 1933 — )*saul perlmutter (usa)*charles dillon perrine (usa, argentina, 1867 — 1951)*henri joseph anastase perrotin (france, 1845 — 1904)*christian heinrich friedrich peters (germany, usa, 1813 — 1890)*george henry peters (usa, 1863 — 1947)*mark m. phillips (usa, 1951 — )*giuseppe piazzi (italy, 1746 — 1826)*edward charles pickering (usa, 1846 — 1919)*william henry pickering (usa, 1858 — 1938)*maynard pittendreigh (usa, 1954 — )*phil plait (usa)*giovanni antonio amedeo plana (italy, 1781 — 1864)*petrus plancius (netherlands, 1552 — 1622)*john stanley plaskett (canada, 1865 — 1941)*norman robert pogson (uk, 1829 — 1891)*christian pollas (france)*john pond (england, 1767 — 1836)*jean-louis pons (france, 1761 — 1831)*carolyn porco (usa, 1953 — )*vladimír porubčan (slovakia, 1940 — )*charles pritchard (uk, 1808 — 1893)*richard proctor (england, 1837 — 1888)*ptolemy of alexandria (roman egypt, circa 85 — 165)*pierre puiseux (france, 1855 — 1928)*georg purbach (germany, 1423 — 1461)*pythagoras of samos (580 bc — 500 bc)*paris pişmiş (1911 — 1999)==q==*adolphe quetelet (belgium, 1796 — 1874)*ali qushji (ottoman, 1403 — 1474)*m. shahid qureshi (pakistan)==r==*david lincoln rabinowitz (usa, 1960 — )*grote reber (usa, 1911 — 2002)*martin rees (uk, 1942 — )*hubert reeves (ca, 1932 — )*regiomontanus (johannes müller) (germany, 1436 — 1476)*julius reichelt (germany, 1637 — 1717)*erasmus reinhold (prussia, germany, 1511 — 1553)*karl reinmuth (germany, 1892 — 1979)*pieter johannes van rhijn (netherlands, 1886 — 1960)*giovanni battista riccioli (italy, 1598 — 1671)*jean richer (france, 1630 — 1696)*adam riess (usa)*fernand rigaux (belgium)*george willis ritchey (usa, 1864 — 1945)*david rittenhouse (usa, 1732 — 1796)*arjen roelofs (netherlands, 1754 — 1824)*elizabeth roemer (usa, 1929 — )*roger of hereford (england) c. 1176 — 1198*ole christensen rømer (denmark, 1644 — 1710)*otto a. rosenberger (germany, 1800 — 1890)*lord rosse (ireland, 1800 — 1867)*svein rosseland (norway, 1894 — 1985)*bruno rossi (italy, 1905 — 1993)*vera rubin (usa, 1928 — )*henry chamberlain russell (australia, 1836-1907)*henry norris russell (usa, 1877 — 1957)*martin ryle (uk, 1918 — 1984)==s==*sir edward sabine (ireland, 1788 — 1883)*carl sagan (usa, 1934 — 1996)*megh nad saha (india, 1893 – 1956)*edwin ernest salpeter (austria, australia, usa, 1924 — 2008)*allan rex sandage (usa, 1926 — 2010)*hendricus gerardus van de sande bakhuyzen (netherlands, 1838 — 1923)*wallace leslie william sargent (uk, usa, 1935 — 2012)*anneila sargent (uk, usa, 1942 — )*naoto sato (japan, 1953 — )*alexandre schaumasse (france, 1882 — 1958)*giovanni schiaparelli (italy, 1835— 1910)*frank schlesinger (usa, 1871 — 1943)*bernhard schmidt (estonia, sweden, germany, 1879 — 1935)*brian p. schmidt (usa)*maarten schmidt (netherlands, 1929 —)*robert schommer (usa, 1946 — 2001)*johann hieronymus schröter (germany, 1745 — 1816)*lipót schulhof (hungary, 1847—1921)*heinrich christian schumacher (germany, 1780 — 1850)*hans-emil schuster (germany, 1934 — )*samuel heinrich schwabe (germany, 1789 — 1875)*karl schwarzschild (germany, 1873 — 1916)*martin schwarzschild (germany, usa, 1912 — 1997)*friedrich karl arnold schwassmann (germany, 1870 — 1964)*james vernon scotti (usa, 1960 — )*frederick hanley seares (usa, 1873 — 1964)*george mary searle (usa, 1839 — 1918)*angelo secchi (italy, 1818 — 1878)*sadao sei (japan)*waltraut seitter (germany, 1930 — 2007)*tsutomu seki (japan, 1930 — )*carl keenan seyfert (usa, 1911 — 1960)*grigory abramovich shajn (russia, 1892 — 1956)*pelageya fedorovna shajn (russia, 1894 — 1956)*harlow shapley (usa, 1885 — 1972)*richard sheepshanks (uk, 1794 — 1855)*shen kuo (china, 1031 — 1035)*shi shen (china, fl.
