Hai cercato la traduzione di cullinane da Inglese a Arabo

ms. barbara cullinane
السيدة باربرا كولينان

ireland: michael predergast, bridie cullinane, patrick mcdonnell, dympna hayes
الوكالات المتخصصة والمنظمات ذات الصلة

1.1 why green ports? ports today play a greater role than simply handling cargo on the quayside. the sources of their competition and the extent of their influence stretch across the sea and also deep into the hinterland. their management and operational strategies are entwined with stakeholders on several scales and in many spheres, from local to global and from business to government. the port’s role in the transport chain has the potential to shape the social and environmental performance of transportation systems extending across the globe. while many ports choose not to act beyond complying with existing environmental regu- lations in their city, region, or country, in many cases they have exercised their potential for addressing both social and environmental externalities. while the kyoto protocol (adopted in 1997 and entering into force in 2005) introduced legally binding emissions targets, aviation and shipping were not included (cullinane and cullinane, 2013). researchers have in recent years analyzed and quantified the emissions from the maritime sector, which may form a potential baseline for future targets. while the primary focus of this book is on the port perspective, attention to emissions in the maritime sector has focused for the most part on the output of vessels while at sea. these emissions can be divided broadly into greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions affecting climate change and local air pollution, primarily sulfur oxides (sox), nitrogen oxides (nox), and particulate matter (pm). in 2007e12 shipping accounted for 2.8% of global ghg emissions or double the level produced by air travel (smith et al., 2014). local pollutants are a more pressing issue in coastal areas because of their impact on human health. the world health organization (who) considers air pollution a major environmental risk to health, estimating that it results in three million deaths per year (world health organisation, 2016). shipping contributes a significant amount to this risk, especially in coastal areas. worldwide, shipping accounts for approximately 15% of nox and 5%e8% of sox emissions (zis et al., 2016) that cause serious harm both to human health and the environment. as discussed in chapter 2, brandt et al. (2011) found that emissions from ship- ping caused about 50,000 premature deaths in europe alone in 2000. in the years leading up to the economic crisis, a common view was that the approach of peak oil would continue to drive an increasing oil price, which would naturally lead to decreased demand for fossil fuels, but we have now had a low oil price for several years, and therefore the economic incentive to switch to alternative fuels has been reduced (see fig. 1.1).
1.1 لماذا الموانئ الخضراء؟ تلعب الموانئ اليوم دورًا أكبر من مجرد التعامل مع البضائع على رصيف الميناء. تمتد مصادر تنافسهم ومدى تأثيرهم عبر البحر وأيضًا في عمق المناطق النائية. تتشابك استراتيجيات إدارتها وتشغيلها مع أصحاب المصلحة على عدة نطاقات وفي العديد من المجالات ، من المحلية إلى العالمية ومن الأعمال إلى الحكومة. دور الميناء في سلسلة النقل لديه القدرة على تشكيل الأداء الاجتماعي والبيئي o