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t helper cell
خلية تي مساعدة

t helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.
تنتج الخلايا التائية المساعدة السيتوكينات المنشطة للالتهاب لمساعدة الخلايا المدافعة.

the t helper cells (th cells) are a type of t cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system.
خلية تي مساعدة أو حليلة تائية مساعدة (بالإنجليزية :helper t cell ) هي مجموعة من الخلايا التائية في الدم لها وظيفة مساعدة في نظام المناعة .

the intestinal immune system defends against pathogens and entry of excessive intestinal microbes; simultaneously, a state of immune tolerance to residentintestinal microbes must be maintained. perturbation of this balance is associated with intestinal inflammation in various mouse models and is thoughtto predispose humans to inflammatory bowel disease(ibd). the innate immune system senses microbes;dendritic cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells produce an initial, rapid response. the immune systemcontinuously monitors resident microbiota and utilizes constitutive antimicrobial mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis. associations between ibdand genes that regulate microbial recognition andinnate immune pathways, such as nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (nod2), genes that control autophagy(eg, atg16l1, irgm), and genes in the interleukin-23–t helper cell 17 pathway indicate the importantroles of host-microbe interactions in regulating intestinal immune homeostasis. there is increasing evidence that intestinal microbes influence host immunedevelopment, immune responses, and susceptibilityto human diseases such as ibd, diabetes mellitus, andobesity. conversely, host factors can affect microbes,which in turn modulate disease susceptibility. wereview the cell populations and mechanisms that mediate interactions between host defense and toleranceand how the dysregulation of host-microbe interactions leads to intestinal inflammation and ibd.
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