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in the contemporary history of the introduction of fees in primary school, the precedent is often attributed as having been set by mateen thobani's study of malawi, which argued that school fees would not decrease enrolment and that it would not be the poorest who would drop out of schooling as a result (m. thobani, “charging user fees for social services: the case of education in malawi”, world bank staff working paper no. 572, washington, d.c., 1983), to be proved wrong after the introduction of school fees resulted in plummeting enrolment (b. fuller, “eroding economy, declining school quality: the case of malawi”, ids bulletin, vol. 20, 1989).
(39) في التاريخ المعاصر لفرض الرسوم في التعليم الابتدائي، كثيراً ما تُنسب السابقة في ذلك إلى دراسة ماتين توباني لملاوي، وقد حاجت هذه الدراسة بأن الرسوم المدرسية لا تخفّض من نسب التسجيل في المدارس، وبأن الأشخاص الأكثر فقراً ليسوا هم الذين يتركون المدرسة نتيجة لذلك ("charging user fees for social services: the case of education in malawi", world bank staff working paper no. 572, washington, d.c., 1983)، وقد تبين أن ذلك خطأ بعد أن أدى فرض الرسوم المدرسية إلى هبوط سريع في نسب التسجيل (b. fuller "eroding economy, declining school quality: the case of malawi", ids bulletin, vol. 20, 1989).