Hai cercato la traduzione di stripped da Inglese a Basco

and they stripped him, and put on him a scarlet robe.
eta billuci çutenean eman cieçoten soinera escarlatazco mantobat.

should mailman convert text/html parts to plain text? this conversion happens after mime attachments have been stripped.
text/html itxurako zatiak testu lauera bihurtu behar al ditu mailmanek? bihurketa hori mime erantsiak ezabatu ondoren egiten da.

the set of cards used. most games use a standard deck, but games that use a double deck, a joker deck, or a stripped deck are not uncommon.
erabiltzen diren kartak. joko gehienek karta sorta estandarra erabiltzen dute, baina batzuek sorta bikoitza, komodindun sorta edo marradun sorta erabiltzen dute.

and jesus answering said, a certain man went down from jerusalem to jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead.
eta ihardesten çuela iesusec erran ceçan, guiçombat iausten cen ierusalemetic iericora, eta eror cedin gaichtaguinén artera, eta hec hura billuciric, eta çaurthuric ioan citecen, hura erdi hilic vtziric.

warning: stripping path off of file '%s'. the stripped path (%s) doesn't match the current directory (%s)
kontuz: '%s' fitxategiaren bide-izena kentzen. kendutako bide-izena (%s) ez dator bat uneko direktorioarekin (%s)