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• the main risk factor for copd is tobacco smoking but other environmental exposures such as biomass fuel exposure and air pollution may contribute. besides exposures, host factors predispose individuals to develop copd. these include genetic abnormalities, abnormal lung development and accelerated aging.
• gejala pernapasan yang paling umum termasuk dispnea, batuk dan/atau produksi sputum. gejala-gejala ini mungkin kurang dilaporkan oleh pasien.
Ultimo aggiornamento 2022-01-05
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