Hai cercato la traduzione di canbio da Spagnolo a Inglese

sin canbio en esta tabla
no changes to this table

economista y experto en canbio climático.
economist & climate change expert.

en portugal los que paguen menores cotizaciones pierden el derecho a percibir prestaciones de enfermedad, mientras que en espaia se puede renuncia- a los derechos por períodos de tres aios a canbio de cotizaciones menores.
a change in policy to bring provision for the selfemployed into line with that for employees is under discussion in all three countries.

ello quiere decir, que el momento aeí::jal es enormemente fluido y cambiante en el sentido de que están actuando simultáneamente muchos factores de canbio, y por so tanto es difícil obtener una violón de conjunto, dada la heterogeneidad
often its academic and scientific successes are remote from industry's most pressing needs and are not easily attainable by industry. in general there appears to be a lack of collaboration

== alineación organizacional ===== los ocho "majors" de la Época dorada ===han pasado por los siguientes cambios importantes de propiedad («independiente» significando identificada habitualmente como la entidad comercial primaria en su estructura corporativa; «comprada» significando adquirida desde cualquier parte de la mayoría hasta su totalidad):==== columbia pictures ====* independiente como cbc film sales, 1920–1924 (fundada por harry cohn, joe brandt, y jack cohn)* independiente, 1924–1982 (la compañía cambia de nombre; se torna pública en 1926)* coca-cola, 1982–1987 (comprada por coca-cola; tri-star pictures, un joint venture con hbo y cbs iniciado en 1982—cbs se sale en 1984)* independiente como columbia/tri-star, 1987–1989 (desvestida por coca-cola; también en 1987, hbo se sale de tri-star, la que se fusiona con columbia)* sony, 1989–presente (comprada por sony)==== 20th century-fox ====* independiente as fox, 1915–1935 (fundada por william fox; fox forzó a vender, controlando los intereses en la ahora compañía pública, en 1930)* independiente, 1935–1985 (su fusiona con twentieth century pictures; comprada en su totalidad por marc rich y marvin davis en 1981; los intereses de rich fueron comprados por davis en 1984; la mitad de los intereses de davis fueron comprados por la empresa de rupert murdoch, news corporation, en marzo de 1985)* news corporation, 1985–presente (compra el resto de las acciones de davis en septiembre)==== warner bros. ====* independiente como warner brothers west coast studio, 1919–1923 (fundada por jack l. warner, harry warner, albert warner, y sam warner)* independiente, 1923–1929 (la compañía canbia de nombre y se vuelve pública, los hermanos mantiene el control de los intereses; sam warner muere en 1927)* independiente como warner bros.–first national, 1929–1967 (adquiere first national pictures; el sndicato dirigido por serge semenenko de first national bank of boston y charles allen jr. compran intereses controladores de harry y albert warner en 1956)* warner bros.–seven arts, 1967–1969 (comprada por y fusionada con seven arts productions)* kinney national company, 1969–1975 (kinney compra warner bros.–seven arts)* warner communications, 1975–1989 (kinney cambia de nombre)* time warner, 1989–present (warner se fusiona con time inc.; de 2000 a 2003, la compañía matriz fue conocida como aol time warner, a continuación de la fusión con aol)==== paramount pictures ====* independientee como famous players–lasky, 1916–1921 (fundada como compañía pública via fusión de adolph zukor's famous players y jesse l. lasky, samuel goldfish (posteriormente goldwyn), dustin farnum, y la compañía de cecil b. demille, jesse l. lasky feature play company, seguido de la adquisición de la casa de distribución de paramount pictures)* independiente, 1922–1966 (la compañía adopta el nombre de la división de distribución)* gulf y western industries, 1966–1989 (comprada por gulf+western)* paramount communications, 1989–1994 (gulf+western cambia nombre después de vender activos no relacionados con entretenimiento)* viacom, 1994–2005 (viacom compra paramount)* viacom, 2006–present (viacom se divide en dos compañías: «nueva» viacom—con paramount pictures, mtv, bet, y otros canales de cable—y cbs corporation—que incluye cbs paramount television)==== universal pictures ====* independiente, 1912–1946 (fundada como compañía pública via fusión de carl laemmle's independiente motion picture co., pat powers's powers picture co., adam kessel y charles baumann's bison life motion pictures, mark dintenfass's champion film co., william swanson's rex picture co., y la nestor film co.)* independiente como universal-international, 1946–1952 (fusionada con international pictures)* decca, 1952–1962 (comprada por decca)* mca, 1962–1990 (mca compra decca)* matsushita electric, 1990–1995 (matsushita compra mca)* seagram, 1995–2000 (comprada por seagram de matsushita)* vivendi, 2000–2004 (vivendi compra seagram)* general electric, 2004–presente (comprada por ge de vivendi y fusionada con nbc para formar nbc universal)==== metro–goldwyn–mayer (fusionada en sony/columbia) ====* loew's incorporated, 1924–1959 (founded via merger of loew's-owned metro pictures with goldwyn pictures and louis b. mayer productions; controlling interest in loew's comprada por william fox in 1929; fox forced to sell off interest in 1930; loew's cedes operational control to studio management in 1954)* independiente, 1959–1981 (fully divested by loew's; comprada por edgar bronfman sr. in 1967; comprada por kirk kerkorian in 1969)* independiente as mgm/ua, 1981–1992 (kerkorian purchases united artists and merges it into mgm; comprada por ted turner in 1986; recomprada por kerkorian seventy-four days later; comprada por giancarlo parretti in 1990)* crédit lyonnais, 1992–1997 (parretti in default, his bank forecloses on mgm/ua)* independiente as mgm/ua, 1997–2005 (recomprada por kerkorian)* sony/comcast/4 private equity firms, 2005–present (comprada por sony, backed by cable company comcast and private investment firms—providence equity partners, in fact, currently owns the greatest number of shares—and merged into sony/columbia; see above for further detail)==== united artists (fusionada en mgm) ====* independiente, 1919–1967 (fundada por charles chaplin, douglas fairbanks, d. w. griffith, y mary pickford; control operacional por arthur krim y robert benjamin desde 1951; comprada totalmente por krim y benjamin en 1956)* transamerica, 1967–1981 (comprada por transamerica)* mgm/ua, 1981–presente (comprada por kirk kerkorian a transamerica y fusionada en mgm; ver arriba para más detalle)==== rko radio pictures (fenecida entre 1960–80, durmiente entre 1993–97) ====* rca/investment consortium, 1928–1935 (founded as public company via merger of film booking offices of america studio and keith-albee-orpheum theater chain; majority ownership by rca from ca.
==organizational lineage=====the eight golden age majors===the eight major film studios of the golden age have gone through the following significant ownership changes ("independent" meaning customarily identified as the primary commercial entity in its corporate structure; "purchased" meaning acquired anything from majority to total ownership):====columbia pictures====*independent as cbc film sales, 1918–1924 (founded by harry cohn, joe brandt, and jack cohn)*independent, 1924–1982 (company changes name as columbia pictures corporation; goes public in 1926; changes name in 1968 to columbia pictures industries after merging with tv subsidiary screen gems)*coca-cola, 1982–1987 (purchased by coca-cola; tri-star pictures, a joint venture with hbo and cbs initiated in 1982—cbs drops out in 1985 and hbo in 1986)*independent as columbia pictures entertainment (or columbia/tri-star), 1987–1989 (divested by coca-cola; coke's entertainment business sold to tri-star and takes 49% in cpe)*sony, 1989–present (purchased by sony)====20th century fox====*independent, 1935–1985 (founded by joseph schenck and darryl f. zanuck; fully purchased by marc rich and marvin davis in 1981; rich's interest purchased by davis in 1984; half of davis's interest purchased by rupert murdoch's news corporation in march 1985)*news corporation, 1985–2013 (purchases the remainder of davis's shares in september)*21st century fox, 2013–present (renamed conglomerate on june 28, 2013)====warner bros.====*independent, 1923–1929 (founded by jack warner, harry warner, albert warner, and sam warner; sam warner dies in 1927)*independent as warner bros.–first national, 1929–1967 (acquires first national pictures; syndicate led by jack warner, serge semenenko of first national bank of boston, and charles allen jr. purchases controlling interest in 1956)*warner bros.–seven arts, 1967–1969 (purchased by and merged with seven arts productions)*kinney national company, 1969–1972 (kinney purchases warner bros.–seven arts)*warner communications, 1972–1989 (kinney spins off non-entertainment assets and changes name)*time warner, 1989–present (warner merges with time inc.; from 2000 to 2003, the parent company was known as aol time warner, following merger with aol)====paramount pictures====*independent as famous players–lasky, 1916–1921 (founded by adolph zukor and jesse l. lasky)*independent, 1922–1966 (company adopts distribution division's name)*gulf+western industries, 1966–1989 (purchased by gulf+western)*paramount communications, 1989–1994 (gulf+western changes name after selling non-entertainment assets)*viacom, 1994–2005 (viacom purchases paramount)*viacom, 2006–present (viacom splits into two companies: "new" viacom—with paramount pictures, mtv, bet, and other cable channels—and cbs corporation—which includes cbs television studios; both companies are controlled by national amusements)====universal pictures====*independent, 1912–1946 (founded by carl laemmle, pat powers, adam kessel, charles baumann, mark dintenfass, william swanson, david horsley, and jules brulatour)*independent as universal-international, 1946–1952 (merges with international pictures)*decca, 1952–1962 (purchased by decca)*mca inc., 1962–1990 (mca purchases decca)*matsushita electric, 1990–1995 (matsushita purchases mca)*seagram, 1995–2000 (purchased by seagram from matsushita)*vivendi, 2000–2004 (vivendi purchases seagram)*general electric/vivendi, 2004–2011 (jointly owned by ge (80%) and vivendi, s.a. (20%) and merged with nbc to form nbc universal)*comcast/general electric, 2011–2013 (comcast purchases 51% of redubbed nbcuniversal)* comcast, 2013–present (comcast bought the remaining 49% from ge)====metro-goldwyn-mayer====*loew's incorporated, 1924–1959 (founded by marcus loew; controlling interest in loew's purchased by william fox in 1929; fox forced to sell off interest in 1930; operational control ceded by loew's to studio management in 1954)*independent, 1959–1981 (fully divested by loew's; purchased by edgar bronfman sr. in 1967; purchased by kirk kerkorian in 1969)*independent as mgm/ua, 1981–1990 (united artists purchased by kerkorian and merged into mgm; purchased by ted turner in 1986; repurchased by kerkorian seventy-four days later; purchased by giancarlo parretti in 1990)*crédit lyonnais, 1992–1997 (foreclosed upon by bank after parretti defaulted)*tracinda corporation, 1997–2005 (repurchased by kerkorian)*mgm holdings**sony/comcast/4 private equity firms, 2005–2010 (purchased by sony, comcast, and private investment firms—providence equity partners, in fact, currently owns the greatest number of shares—and privately held as a minor media company independent of sony/columbia)**credit suisse, jpmorgan chase, other former bondholders (2011–present) including carl icahn (2011-2012)====united artists (merged into mgm)====*independent, 1919–1967 (founded by charles chaplin, douglas fairbanks, d. w. griffith, and mary pickford; operational control by arthur krim and robert benjamin from 1951; fully purchased by krim and benjamin in 1956)*transamerica, 1967–1981 (purchased by transamerica)*mgm/ua, 1981–1992 (purchased by kirk kerkorian from transamerica and merged into mgm; see above for further detail)====rko radio pictures (defunct 1960–80, dormant 1993–97)====*rca, 1928–1935 (founded by david sarnoff)*independent, 1935–1955 (half of rca's interest purchased by floyd odlum, control split between rca, odlum, and rockefeller brothers; controlling interest purchased by odlum in 1942; controlling interest purchased by howard hughes in 1948; hughes interest purchased by stolkin-koolish-ryan-burke-corwin syndicate in 1952; interest repurchased by hughes in 1953; fully purchased by hughes in 1954)*general tire and rubber, 1955–1984 (purchased by general tire and rubber—coupled with general tire's broadcasting operation as rko teleradio pictures; production and distribution halted in 1957; movie business dissolved in 1959 and rko teleradio renamed rko general; rko general establishes rko pictures as production subsidiary in 1981)*gencorp, 1984–1987 (reorganization creates holding company with rko general and general tire as primary subsidiaries)*wesray capital corporation, 1987–1989 (spun off from rko general, purchased by wesray—controlled by william e. simon and ray chambers—and merged with amusement park operations to form rko/six flags entertainment)*independent, 1989–present (split off from six flags, purchased by dina merrill and ted hartley, and merged with pavilion communications; no films produced or distributed from 1993 through 1997)==see also==* big three—the three major music corporations: universal music group, sony music entertainment and warner music group; formerly the big six, but universal acquired polygram in 1998 and merged with emi in 2012, and sony and bmg merged in 2004.