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1. introduction mechanical properties of materials have been one of the most fundamental and widely studied areas in materials, owing to its crucial importance for real-life applications. for centuries, the development of materials has solely relied on the modifications of its composition to alter mechanical properties. despite being effective, it usually takes more than a decade for a newly discovered material to be in the market. over the course of history, the range of accessible materials kept on growing, allowing us to select a more suitable material for specific applications.[1–3] however, there are often definite couplings between the intrinsic properties of these materials, such as the intimate coupling between strength and density, where high strength materials are generally high in density and vice versa. on the other hand, numerous materials found in nature often exhibit intriguing properties unachievable with conventional materials.[4,5] these natural materials, particularly cellular materials, have evolved over the course of several million years such that they developed an optimized architecture which could span over multiple hierarchies across different length scales.[4–11] forinstance,the highly complex porous architecture of a bone core consisting of intricately-shaped ligaments and density gradients allowsitto achieve amuch higher structural efficiency comparedto most of the synthetic cellular materials developed by humans, which possess significantly less sophisticated architectures and are far from ideal.[10,11] another well-known example on the exploitation of architecture is the comparison between the great pyramid of giza and the eiffel tower. the eiffel tower is approximately twice as tall as the great pyramid of giza but exhibits similar structural integrity and is almost three orders of magnitude lighter due to its hierarchical and three-dimensional architecture.
最終更新： 2021-04-30
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