検索ワード: runway (英語 - マレー語)

runway in english
landasan dalam bahasa inggeris

said construction work on the 197-kilometre runway is expected to be completed by the end of 2020.
berkata kerja pembinaan landasan sejauh 197 kilometer itu, dijangka siap pada penghujung 2020.

energy consumption, payload and the effect upon terminal design energy is consumed in enormous quantities at airports. fossil fuel is used to lift aircraft into the sky; to transport people, freight and baggage to airports; and to heat, light and ventilate airport buildings. airports are one of the greatest energy-consuming centres per square kilometre on our planet. for every plane that travels from new york to london the amount of energy used is roughly equal to that of an ocean liner.1 large jet aircraft consume about 9600 litres of fuel per hour in flight, and about 2400 litres on take-off. on a long journey a typical jet burns about 40 tonnes of fuel. this leads to a great concentration of air pollution at airports, and the obvious need for extensive refuelling facilities on apron areas where spillage occurs. pollution affects air conditioning of buildings and the choice of materials used in the construction of airports. advanced turboprops are far more energy efficient per tonne of aircraft than turbojets, consuming about two-thirds less fuel per tonne-km. as a consequence, regional airports, which make greater use of turboprops than of jet aircraft, suffer less air pollution. in total, aviation accounts for 6 per cent of world oil consumption and 20 per cent of all oil used in transportation, contributing some 5–6 per cent of the gases leading to global warming.2 for the airline company the factor that determines operational efficiency is not so much fuel consumption but payload. this is a factor determined by the revenue-producing load: that is, the carrying capacity in terms of passengers and freight. jet aircraft are used where large numbers of people need to be carried. as a rule of thumb, payload represents about a fifth of the total aircraft weight. payload and aviation fuel are the two variables in aircraft weight, and both must be carefully calculated to ensure that safety regulations are met. on long journeys fuel may account for a third of the total weight of the aircraft and payload only a sixth, but more typically fuel 68 the terminal as part of the airport systemweight and payload are about the same (at roughly 18 per cent each of average weight).3 payload is the revenue-generating function of air transportation. but with modern aircraft design it is often not weight that is the limiting factor, but space. on passenger flights it is rare for payload weight to reach the maximum permitted under international safety regulations, because seats and aisles take up so much space. airlines compete on quality of journey where leg-room and seat width are critical factors. as a consequence, payload limits are rarely reached except at the lower end of the market (holiday package tours, for example). there is a relationship between aircraft carrying capacity, runway
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