検索ワード: the news quickly spread about bina's talent (英語 - アラビア語)

the false allegations being spread about seem to suggest that certain sectors are seeking to punish the new authorities of the islamic federal republic of the comoros for having saved our country from anarchy and barbarism.
فاﻻدعاءات الكاذبة التي يجري ترويجها يبدو أنها تلمح بأن بعض القطاعات تحاول معاقبة السلطات الجديدة لجمهورية جزر القمر اﻹسﻻمية اﻻتحادية ﻹنقاذها بلدنا من الفوضى والهمجية.

sub-commission on the promotion and protection of human rights fifty-second session item 2 of the provisional agenda freedoms, including policies of racial discrimination and segregation, in all countries, with particular reference note verbale dated 29 june 2000 from the permanent mission of belarus to the united nations office at geneva addressed to the office of the high commissioner for human rights the permanent mission of the republic of belarus to the united nations office and other international organizations at geneva presents its compliments to the office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights and has the honour to transmit herewith the text of the report∗ of the government of belarus prepared pursuant to the chairperson's statement made on 20 august 1999 at the fifty-first session of the sub-commission on the promotion and protection of human rights. annex report on legislation governing and protecting the observance of human rights in the republic of belarus citizens' rights, freedoms and obligations in all the main spheres of life (socio-economic, political and private) define their legal position in society, and thus their legal status. the latter is the criterion of the policy of a genuinely democratic, rule-of-law state. the objectives of the belarusian government's human rights policy are to define and implement integrated measures to ensure the effective protection of citizens' rights and freedoms during the transition to a civil society. article 2 of the constitution of the republic of belarus embodies the country's most important constitutional principle, namely that the primacy of the individual and of his rights and freedoms, together with guarantees for their realization, constitute the state's highest value and objective. that is the basis for the formation of civil society in belarus. measures relating to the law are now being given priority in the efforts to ensure the requisite level of protection of citizens' rights and freedoms. the country is also pursuing measures in the socio-economic, material and organizational spheres with this same aim of strengthening the institution of citizens' rights and freedoms. the main means of improving the machinery for the safeguarding of citizens' constitutional rights and freedoms belarus now has a modernized corpus of laws that provides a constructive foundation for the further development of citizens' rights and freedoms. the chief components of that corpus are: the constitution, adopted as amended by national referendum in 1996; the country's principal laws, including the new codes; various decrees and edicts of the president of the republic, government decisions and other legislative instruments adopted in recent years, as well as departmental and local regulations, which have recently been substantially revised. the universally recognized principles of international law and the rules of international treaties to which belarus is a party form part of the law in force in belarus and, therefore, of the body of rules governing citizens' rights and freedoms. in shaping the law that provides for citizens' rights and freedoms and for their realization and protection, belarus accords a large place to the principles and rules laid down in international instruments. it is no accident that the constitution states that belarus acknowledges the primacy of the universally recognized principles of international law and will ensure that its own legislation complies with them (art. the most important and comprehensive of the international human rights instruments, one that unites national and international efforts to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, is the international bill of human rights. it comprises: the 1948 universal declaration of human rights, the 1966 international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights and the 1966 international covenant on civil and political rights and the optional protocol thereto. all of these instruments have now entered into force for belarus, which has either ratified them or acceded to them. the international bill of human rights reflects the world's peoples' common understanding about inalienable and indestructible human rights and it is compulsory for all members of the international community to bring their domestic legislation into line with the international rules and standards in it. the general provisions and principles and the specific rights and freedoms in all spheres of human life set forth in the bill are benchmarks. in developing and improving its domestic law, belarus, as a full member of the international community, consistently pursues a policy of comprehensive respect for human rights and freedoms and compliance with the relevant international rules. the most important international principles and rules have been embodied in belarusian law (primarily in the constitution and other laws). belarus is a party to a number of universal international human rights treaties, chief among them the 1948 convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide (entry into force for belarus: 1954); the 1952 convention on the political rights of women (entry into force for belarus: 1954); the 1965 international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination (entry into force for belarus: 1976); the 1973 international convention on the suppression and punishment of the crime of apartheid (entry into force for belarus: 1976); the 1979 convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (entry into force for belarus: 1981); the 1984 convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (entry into force for belarus: 1987); the 1989 convention on the rights of the child (entry into force for belarus: 1990); the 1968 convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity (entry into force for belarus: 1970), and the 1998 convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters (entry into force for belarus: 1998). belarusian law regarding the establishment and protection of human rights and freedoms has now been brought substantially closer to the relevant international standards. many provisions of the 1948 universal declaration of human rights, the 1966 international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, the 1966 international covenant on civil and political rights and other international human rights instruments have been embodied in the constitution or other parts of belarusian law. the treatment accorded to human rights and freedoms in the constitution is new, reflecting a closer alignment with international guidelines and standards. a rule-of-law state would be unthinkable without firm guarantees of the genuine exercise of the universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. consequently, the creation of a state where a truly fair legal system prevails presupposes the adoption not only of laws providing for personal rights and freedoms and their precise application but also of laws ensuring that citizens have the requisite information regarding their rights and the laws and institutions that exist to protect them, and the possibility of easy and free access to the relevant bodies, especially the courts, for the protection of their rights and freedoms against all breaches. the universal declaration of human rights adopted by the united nations general assembly on 10 december 1948 provides, in article 8, that everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. the international covenant on civil and political rights stipulates, in article 2, paragraph 3, that states must ensure that everyone whose rights or freedoms are violated has an effective remedy, that the right to such remedy is determined by competent judicial, administrative or legal authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the state concerned, and that they must develop the possibilities of judicial remedy. hence, international legal instruments guide states towards the provision in domestic law of the possibility of protection of human rights and freedoms in competent national organs, priority being given in this respect to the judicial protection of citizens' rights and freedoms. belarusian law provides for the comprehensive protection of citizens' rights and freedoms, including in judicial organs. under article 59 of the constitution, state organs, officials and other persons entrusted with the execution of state functions are obliged to take, within the limits of their competence, the requisite measures for the exercise and protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual. article 60 of the constitution guarantees every citizen the protection of his rights and freedoms by a competent, independent and impartial court of law within the time-limits specified by law. for the purposes of defending their rights, freedoms, honour and dignity, citizens are entitled by law to seek through the courts redress for property damage and material compensation for moral injury. the above constitutional rules establish the principles for relations between the state and the individual and give priority to the latter's interests. belarus has recently adopted a number of very important legislative instruments in the sphere of adjective law: the code of civil procedure, the code of criminal procedure and the marriage and family code. these instruments make possible the full protection before the courts of the rights and legal interests guaranteed to citizens by the constitution. the judiciary in belarus is independent and of equal status with the executive branch and the legislature. the judiciary safeguards the rights and freedoms of citizens of the republic. the principles of the organization and activity of the judiciary are laid down in the constitution, the judicial system and status of judges act and the various codes of procedure: the separation of the judiciary, legislature and executive and the administration of justice solely by the courts; the principle that judges are independent and subject only to the law; the principle that justice is administered on the basis of citizens' equality before the law and the courts; the principle of compliance with the law in the administration of justice; the public nature of judicial proceedings; the principle of adversariality and of equality of the parties in the administration of justice; the right of citizens to protection by the courts. every citizen is entitled to turn to the courts for the protection of his rights, freedoms, honour or dignity and to seek redress through the courts both for material damage and for moral injury. pursuant to article 62 of the constitution, every citizen has the right to legal assistance for the exercise and protection of his rights and freedoms, including the right to have at any time the assistance of lawyers or other representatives in courts. in the instances provided for by law, citizens may be given legal assistance at the state's expense. opposition to the provision of legal assistance is prohibited. of great importance in criminal cases is the securing to the suspect or accused of the right of defence at all stages of the proceedings. the application of the principle of securing the said right of defence presupposes an obligation on courts, procurators and persons conducting a pre-trial investigation or an initial inquiry to explain the suspect's or accused's legal rights to him during the proceedings and to take measures to ensure that he has a genuine possibility of using all the means provided by law for defending himself against a charge, including the assistance of a lawyer. it is a requirement of article 25 of the constitution that persons being held in custody be given the right of judicial verification of the lawfulness of their detention or arrest. the securing to the suspect or accused of the right of defence is not only a reliable guarantee of protection for personal rights and freedoms in criminal proceedings, but also a necessary condition for the proper administration of justice. human rights and freedoms are also protected by the constitutional court, which article 116 of the constitution makes responsible for verifying the constitutionality of enforceable enactments. enforceable enactments or, as the case may be, provisions thereof which the constitutional court finds to be unconstitutional are null and void. in many instances, such unconstitutional instruments have violated rights and freedoms which the constitutional court has deemed to be entitled to protection. the constitutional court's rulings are of great importance in guaranteeing the constitutionality of legislation, law and order and the protection of human rights and freedoms. the procedure and conditions for the restriction or suspension of personal rights and freedoms are dealt with in articles 23 and 63 of the constitution. it is noteworthy that, pursuant to those articles, such restriction or suspension is only permissible when provided for by law. in belarusian law, the objects of the special measures this entails are narrower than in international legal instruments, including the international covenants. the concrete scope of belarusian citizens' rights and freedoms is determined by a number of objective factors characteristic of the present state of society. consequently, the most promising way of developing that scope in the near future is to ensure not only that the individual has a high legal status, but also that that status is sufficiently stable and that citizens are clear and certain about the scope and content of their rights and freedoms and, above all, about the possibilities for their practical use and protection in the socio-economic conditions that obtain in the country. the achievement of social harmony, the consolidation of society and the guaranteeing of the requisite scope of citizens' rights and freedoms constitute a far from easy task, but one that cannot be dispensed with in a society whose aims are the building of a democratic, rule-of-law state and the occupation of its due place in the world legal community. fulfilling that task requires the creation of strong machinery for the social and legal protection of rights and freedoms that is based on a package of mutually-agreed socio-economic, organizational, social-psychology and legal measures aimed at linking, coordinating and optimizing the manifold activities of the state and the many components of its political system. currently, the changes in the legal status of the individual concern principally the group of citizens' political and, above all, socio-economic rights and freedoms. that is so because of the changes in the country's political system and economy and of the coverage in law of new forms of ownership. together with the emergence of new economic rights (private property ownership, freedom to engage in business, etc.) that are equal for all, there has been a substantial narrowing of the basis for the realization of a number of social rights (to labour, housing, leisure time, etc.). the state is striving to protect the disadvantaged strata of the population through the realization of the right to a decent existence. in this connection, there is currently a large number of special legal statuses for the population groups least well protected during the period of economic reform. nowadays political rights are being realized through the concurrent existence within society of a variety of political tendencies and ideas, through political pluralism and the presence of a multi-party system, etc. problems do, however, occur in this regard, because, for example, the country has no firm tradition of political pluralism and people's political literacy and sense of justice are still inadequate. the realization of rights and freedoms requires not only the securing to the citizen of specific rights, but also the actual receipt by him of the benefits that constitute the content of those rights. hence, if citizens are to be able to realize them, their rights and freedoms must be soundly guaranteed. the state constitutes the political guarantee of citizens' rights and freedoms. the constitution proclaims belarus to be a social, democratic state based on the rule of law (art. 1) that guarantees its citizens their rights and freedoms and whose supreme goal is the safeguarding of those rights (art. the building and development of a rule-of-law state necessitates the creation and operation within the country of civil society. in turn, the formation of civil society is impossible without a rule-of-law state. from this it may be concluded that the consolidation of civil society will be possible only with the support of the state. it is precisely now, when the country is going through the difficulties of transition, emergence of a new political and economic system and combating of a crisis, that attention needs to be given to the development and democratization of state institutions. thus, the building of a rule-of-law state requires the reform of the entire legal system with a view to the construction of a society having citizens' rights and freedoms as its basic values. such reform is impossible without strengthening the role of the law by means of the careful crafting of a genuinely functional legal apparatus and the elaboration, on the basis of theory, experience and practice, of legal guidelines meeting the needs of our emergent sovereign state. the persistent and gradual reform of the ministry of justice through the expansion of its functions is an integral part of the state's policy in the sphere of justice and will further the safeguarding of the rights and lawful interests of the republic of belarus, citizens and legal persons as well as the improvement of court procedures and the application of judicial decisions. as a rule-of-law state, belarus is still in the process of formation. how consistent that process is and when it will be completed will depend to a large degree on the government. the development of the political situation in independent, post-soviet belarus has been such that the government has emerged as a more active, influential force in the “authorities/society” system - and, being legitimate, stable, strong and law-abiding, it is able to pursue reforms in various spheres (particularly the economy) whose effect is a radical improvement in the situation as regards the guarantees of human rights and citizens' rights. feedback from society - feedback about its problems in general and feedback from individuals - is of great importance in this respect. accordingly, article 40 of the constitution guarantees everyone the right to submit personal or collective appeals to state organs. those organs, and persons occupying official functions, are obliged to examine such appeals and reply on their substance within time-limits set by law. all refusals to examine citizens' appeals must be justified in writing. development of the legal machinery for the effective guaranteeing of citizens' rights and freedoms is an ongoing concern of belarusian legal theorists and practitioners. fulfilment of undertakings to the sub-commission on the promotion and protection of human rights belarus attaches great importance to cooperation with united nations human rights bodies and is open to constructive dialogue. throughout its history as an independent state there has never been an instance in which representatives of the united nations human rights bodies have been denied the right to visit belarus. indeed, the united nations high commissioner for human rights, mrs. mary robinson, has been in
لجنة حقوق الإنسان اللجنة الفرعية لتعزيز وحماية حقوق الإنسان الدورة الثانية والخمسون البند 2 من جدول الأعمال المؤقت مسألة انتهاك حقوق الإنسان والحريات الأساسية، بما في ذلك سياسات التمييز والعزل العنصريين، في جميع البلدان، مع الاهتمام خاصة بالبلدان والأقاليم المستعمرة وغيرها من البلدان والأقاليم التابعة: تقرير اللجنة الفرعية بموجب قرار لجنة حقوق الإنسان 8(د-23) مذكرة شفوية مؤرخة 29 حزيران/يونيه 2000 موجهة إلى المفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان من البعثة الدائمة لبيلاروس لدى مكتب الأمم المتحدة في جنيف تقدم البعثة الدائمة لجمهورية بيلاروس لدى مكتب الأمم المتحدة وسائر المنظمات الدولية في جنيف تحياتها إلى المفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان ويشرفها أن تحيل رفق هذا تقرير* حكومة بيلاروس الذي أعد وفقاً للبيان الذي أدلى به الرئيس في 20 آب/أغسطس 1999 في الدورة الحادية والخمسين للجنة الفرعية لتعزيز وحماية حقوق الإنسان. ــــــــــــــــــــ * استنسخ التقرير الوارد في المرفق كما ورد باللغة التي قدم بها وباللغة الإنكليزية فقط. الأمم المتحدة e distr. e/cn.4/sub.2/2000/9 12 july 2000 original: english/russian