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* and that's just one small fraction *
# and that's just one small fraction #

fapar fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation
fapar fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation

(ب) أُدرج عمود للفئة "fraction oxidized "؛
a column for "fraction oxidized " has been inserted;

وقت التعرض: fraction of a second, or number of seconds
exposure time:

(ه) أُدرج عمود للفئة "c fraction of residue ".
a column for "c fraction of residue " has been inserted.

most of these derived products represent only the fraction absorbed by the green part of the leaf canopy.
most of these derived products represent only the fraction absorbed by the green part of the leaf canopy.

fapar is defined as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (par) absorbed by a vegetation canopy.
fapar is defined as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (par) absorbed by a vegetation canopy.

(أ) تغيرت العبارة "dry matter fraction " إلى "dry matter fraction of residue "؛
"dry matter fraction " has been changed to "dry matter fraction of residue ";

(د) تغـيرت عبارة "nitrogen fraction in biomass of residues " إلى "n-c ratio in biomass residues "؛
"nitrogen fraction in biomass of residues " has been changed to "n-c ratio in biomass residues "; and

little has been reported on the effect of chemical composition of different volcanic ashes as scm materials. however, pozzolanic properties of volcanic ash mainly depend on the chemical composition, reactive sio2 content, specific surface area, defects and degree of crystallinity (contrafatto, 2017; khan and amin, 2017). volcanic ashes can also be selected and processed by taking into consideration the composition of common phases responsible for strength development in opc and pozzolanic cement, notably calcium silicate hydrate (c-s-h), calcium–alumino-silicate-hydrate (c-a-s-h) gels, and possible other hydration products (kupwade-patil et al., 2018a, 2018b; masmoudi et al., 2017). for instance, kupwade-patil et al. (2018a) observed that addition of fine volcanic ash favored the formation of c-s-h-related phases whereas inclusion of coarser volcanic ashes was dominated by ca-s-h and unreacted mgo phases suggesting their limited involvement in the hydration process. it is noteworthy that the larger the volcanic ash particles, the lower the surface area per unit volume and the less rapid the rate of reaction. some authors have also observed that pozzolanic activity is proportional to the amount of particles with size below 10μm, while particles larger than 45μm do not appear to have a significant effect on the pozzolanic properties (stefanidou, 2016). preheating some volcanic debris may also increase the pozzolanic activity and consequently improve the final strength of the material. kılıc and sertabipoglu (2015) observed that preheating pumice at 1000°c could lead to an increase in the pozzolanic activity of up to about 50% and the compressive strength up to 7%, in blended cement with up to 20% of portland cement replacement. this result suggests that preheating some volcanic ashes may increase the amount of their reactive silica or amorphous phase. in most cases, the reactivity of volcanic ash in cement increases with increase in amorphous fraction and fineness of the ashes (aci committee 232, 2001; celik et al., 2014a; kupwade-patil et al., 2018a; scrivener et al., 2016; stefanidou, 2016). however, the use of volcanic ashes generally lead to longer setting times and lower early strengths in comparison to plain portland cement, but this can be mitigated by prolonged grinding to improve the specific surface area (al-swaidani et al., 2016; binici et al., 2007).
little has been reported on the effect of chemical composition of different volcanic ashes as scm materials