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alkalinity is primarily a way of measuring the acid neutralizing capacity of water. in other words, its ability to maintain a relatively constant ph. alkalinity mainly due to co3- , hco3, and oh- in terms of concentration of this constitutes which maintained constant ph. it is also due to borate, phosphate, silicate and other bases if they are prevent the co32- and hco3- ions act as buffer systems & prevent in drastic change in ph. the ability of natural water to act as a buffer is controlled in part by the amount of calcium and carbonate ions in solution. carbonate ion and calcium ion both come from calcium carbonate or limestone. so water that comes in contact with limestone will contain high levels of both ca+2and c032- ions and have elevated hardness and alkalinity.
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