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relatively expensive
agak mahal

relatively severe damage
kecacatan yang agak teruk

relatively narrow parking area
kawasan tempat parking yang gelap

• partnerships are relatively easy to establish
partnerships

first of all, their relatively high mutation rates in rna replication.
pertamanya, secara relatif kadar mutasi mereka tinggi dalam penggandaan rna.

preheating is desirable to make strong joint as brazing is carried out at relatively low temperature.
pemanasan awal adalah wajar untuk membuat sambungan yang kuat kerana pematerian dijalankan pada suhu yang agak rendah.

mers-cov causes very mild disease and maintains a relatively low mutation rate in these animals.
mers-cov menyebabkan penyakit yang sangat ringan dan mengekalkan kadar mutasi yang rendah secara relatif dalam haiwan ini.

symptoms of covid-19 can be relatively non-specific and infected people may be asymptomatic.
simptom covid-19 boleh secara relatifnya tidak khusus dan orang yang dijangkiti mungkin asimptomatik.

we found that light influences the movement of the car because when the light is relatively dark the car cannot move smoothly.
kami mendapati yang cahaya mempengaruhi pergerakan kereta tersebut kerana apabila lampu yang agak gelap kereta tersebut tidak dapat bergerak dengan lancar

the reason is because video games give satisfaction when playing for a relatively long period of time as opposed to playing for a short period of time
sebabnya adalah kerana video games memberi kepuasan apabila bermain dengan tempoh yang agak lama berbanding bermain dengan tempoh yang singkat

the current development of the timber industry in malaysia is relatively good. it is expected that this development will continue and grow in the future.
perkembangan industri kayu semasa di malaysia agak baik. dijangka pembangunan ini akan diteruskan dan berkembang pada masa akan datang.

polyester is another durable and stain resistant carpet fiber that is also relatively affordable. it is a good choice for kitchens with children or pets.
poliester adalah satu lagi gentian permaidani tahan lama dan noda yang juga agak berpatutan. ia adalah pilihan yang baik untuk dapur dengan kanak-kanak atau haiwan peliharaan.

we would like to request your kind service to extend the time to answer the notice until 30 september 2020. this is because we need to collect complete data for a relatively long line for the section 6 work area.
pihak kami ingin memohon jasa baik pihak tuan untuk melanjutkan masa bagi menjawab notis sehingga 30 september 2020. hal ini kerana pihak kami perlu mengumpulkan data lengkap bagi satu jajaran yang agak panjang bagi kawasan kerja seksyen 6.

to withdraw money involves cheap costs because the materials used to produce fiat money are readily available materials and do not involve high costs. compared with the production of dinars and dirhams that use relatively high materials and costs.
bank negara mempunyai kuasa untuk keluarkan duit pada bila-bila masa yang diperlukan. kenapa hanya kerajaan yang diberikan kuasa untuk mengelurkan duit. antara kelebihannya adalah dapat mengawal nilai duit. ini kerana apabila duit dicetak tanpa pengawasan akan mengakibatkan nilai wang itu jatuh. jadi betapa pentingnya kerajaan mempunyai kuasa untuk mengawal pengeluaran duit seberapa banya yang diperlukan dan dicetak.

while sport has been practised since pre historic times, it is a relatively new subject of systematic philosophical enquiry. indeed, the philosophy of sport as an academic sub field dates back only to the 1970s.
walaupun sukan telah diamalkan sejak zaman pra bersejarah, ia adalah subjek yang agak baru dalam penyelidikan falsafah yang sistematik. sesungguhnya, falsafah sukan sebagai sub bidang akademik hanya bermula sejak tahun 1970-an.

the authors note that the abrupt and pervasive expansion of thermal exposure they have projected may be partly explained by the fact that their climate and geographical data consisted of relatively coarse 'grain size' of 100km sized grids.
penulis mencatatkan bahawa pengembangan pendedahan haba yang mendadak dan meluas yang mereka jangkakan mungkin sebahagiannya dijelaskan oleh fakta bahawa iklim dan data geografi mereka terdiri daripada 'saiz bijirin' yang agak kasar dari grid bersaiz 100km.

in gangelt, the disease was spread by carnival festivals, and spread to younger people, causing a relatively lower mortality, and not all covid-19 deaths may have been formally classified as such.
di gangelt, penyakit disebarkan oleh pesta carnival, dan penularan kepada orang lebih muda, menyebabkan kadar kematian lebih rendah secara perbandingan, dan bukan semua kematian covid-19 dikelaskan secara rasmi begitu.

the motive for the investment the motive for a foreign investment is crucial in determining how linkages and externalities develop. there are four main motives for investment: 1) seek natural resources; 2) seek new markets; 3) restructure existing foreign production; and 4) seek new strategic assets [narula and dunning, 2000]. these can be placed into two categories. the first category includes the first three motives: asset-exploiting, to generate economic rent by using existing firm-specific assets. the second category is the fourth motive: asset-augmenting, to acquire new assets that protect or enhance existing assets. in general, developing countries are unlikely to attract the second category of fdi; they primarily attract the first category. the relative importance of each motive partly reflects the stage of economic development [narula and dunning, 2000; narula, 1996, 2004]. least developed countries would tend to have mainly resource-seeking fdi and countries at the catching-up stage mostly market-seeking fdi. efficiency-seeking investments, with the most stringent capability needs, will tend to focus on the more industrialised developing economies (though three or four decades ago they went to countries with relatively low capabilities, e.g. the electronics industry in southeast asia in the 1970s). not all affiliates offer the same spillovers to host economies. a sales office, for instance, may have a high turnover and employ many people, but its technological spillovers will be limited relative to a manufacturing facility. likewise, resource-seeking activities like mining tend to be capital intensive and provide fewer spillovers compared to market-seeking manufacturing fdi. during import substitution, most mnes set up miniature replicas of their facilities at home, though many functions were not reproduced (they were ‘truncated’). the extent of truncation, however, varied by host country. the most important determinants of truncation – and thus the scope of activities and competence of the subsidiary – were market size and local industrial capabilities [dunning and narula, 2004]. countries with small markets and weak local industries had the most truncated subsidiaries, often only single-activity subsidiaries (sales and marketing or natural resource extraction). larger countries with domestic technological capacity (such as brazil and india) had the least truncated subsidiaries, often with research and development departments. with liberalisation, mne strategies on affiliate competence and scope have changed in four ways [dunning and narula, 2004]. first, there has been investment in new affiliates. second, there has been sequential investment in upgrading existing subsidiaries. third, there has been some downgrading of subsidiaries, whereby mnes have divested in response to location advantages elsewhere or reduced the level of competence and scope of subsidiaries. do we need a new agenda? 451 fourth, there has been some redistribution of ownership as the result of privatisation or acquisitions of local private firms. in many, but certainly not all, cases this also led to a downgrading of activities. mnes are taking advantage of liberalisation to concentrate production capacity in a few locations, exploiting scale and agglomeration economies, favourable location and strong capabilities. some miniature replicas have been downgraded to sales and marketing affiliates, with fewer opportunities for spillovers. countries that receive fdi with the highest potential for capability development are, ironically, those with strong domestic absorptive capacities. the article by lorentzen and barnes on south africa shows that domestic capacity – in the form of infrastructure or an efficient domestic industrial sector – is a primary determinant of high competence affiliates. they base their analysis on eight case studies in the south african automotive sector, and show that indigenous firms can compete with mnes, and – given the appropriate domestic capabilities and infrastructure – can maintain and improve their competitive advantages through indigenous innovation. like south africa, other countries have succeeded in attracting such fdi, notably mexico and the caribbean basin [eclac, 2000, 2001; mortimore, 2000]. in addition to providing a threshold level of domestic capabilities and infrastructure, these countries have invested in developing their knowledge base (although to a lesser extent in the case of mexico). mortimore [2000] argues that much of this fdi has created export platforms for mnes with limited benefits for the host countries [eclac, 2001]. this is a point reiterated by mytelka and barclay here in the case of trinidad, where fdi has not been leveraged to develop the skills and capabilities of local downstream and supporting firms. the state has largely failed to act as a facilitator to stimulate and support domestic absorptive capacities and linkages with mne affiliates. mne linkages fdi transfers technology to local firms in four ways: backward linkages, labour turnover, horizontal linkages and international technology spillovers. studies of backward linkages have identified various determinants, including those internal to mnes and those associated with host economies. the ability of the host economy to benefit from mne linkages has been found to depend crucially on the relative technological capabilities of recipient and transmitter: the greater the distance between them, the lower the intensity of linkages. again, mne motives and strategies matter. domestic market oriented affiliates generally purchase more locally than export-oriented firms because of lower quality requirements and technical specifications [reuber et al., 1973; altenburg, 2000]. mne affiliates are more likely to be integrated with host countries where they source relatively simple inputs [ganiatsos, 2000; carillo,
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