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11.1 introduction one general definition of quality is that it is the degree to which products meet certain criteria defined under specified conditions. carotenoids fulfill a number of important biological functions in nature and are among the most important pigments providing color to aquatic organisms such as fish and crustaceans. because balanced nutrition is essential for the best growth and health of farmed animals, the commercial production of aquatic organisms requires the availability of high-quality diet providing all required macro- and micro-ingredients, including carotenoid sources. adequate animal nutrition and management are therefore linked to the color quality and sensory characteristics of the final seafood. to achieve the sensory and color qualities desired by customers, an adequate dietary supply of carotenoids to aquaculture species is essential. a number of feed ingredients could also be used as potential sources of pigmentation in aquaculture feed based on their carotenoid composition. with the increasing interest from the public, consumers, and producers to use not only efficacious but also safe feed ingredients, legislations closely regulate the use of any product or substance specifically intended to be used in animal nutrition for its color functionality in various markets. astaxanthin is the most abundant carotenoid and pigmenting source of fish and crustaceans available in the natural aquatic environment. therefore, most coloring substances for use in aquaculture feed are astaxanthin-based. likewise, canthaxanthin, which is also found in nature, is a generally approved carotenoid recognized as safe and efficacious in animal nutrition. in the case of carotenoid-rich feed ingredients, such as maize and crustacean by-products, their practical use as pigmenting sources has received certain attention, although their practical use in commercial feed is rather limited because of their
11.1 مقدمه یک تعریف کلی از کیفیت این است که درجه ای است که محصولات از معیارهای معینی که در شرایط مشخص تعریف شده است را برآورده می کنند. کاروتنوئیدها تعدادی از عملکردهای بیولوژیکی مهم را در طبیعت انجام می دهند و از جمله مهمترین رنگدانه هایی هستند که برای موجودات آبزی مانند ماهی و سخت پوستان رنگ می دهند. از آنجایی که تغذیه متعادل برای بهترین رشد و سلامت حیوانات پرورشی ضروری است، تولید تجاری موجودات آبزی مستلزم در دسترس بودن