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the questions on employment and job search must contain a cue for the identification of persons with a minor job of just a few or even one hour.
otázky o zamestnaní a hľadaní práce musia obsahovať podnet na identifikáciu osôb, ktoré pracujú len na niekoľkohodinový alebo dokonca len jednohodinový úväzok.
and aids in the selection of the item with the most goalappropriate characteristics in the face of several activated target-related competitors available for selection (e.g., [96, 98, the functional neuroanatomy of semantic control has been associated with neural networks in the left inferior frontal gyrus (lifg) [100—102]. these networks allow for retrieval and selection of semantic and other types of knowledge (e.g., [98, 103, 104]), evidenced, for example, by reduced brain activation when automated semantic associations are performed [105] or increased activation when distant semantic relations among stimuli are processed [95, 96], even when response times are matched [106]. support for this claim can be found in a recent study in which a virtual lesion was induced in the lifg through transcranial magnetic stimulation leading to both retrieval (identification of weakly associated words) and selection (detecting features in the presence of strong distractors) problems [107]. a distinction can be drawn between anterior ventral portions of the left inferior prefrontal regions and its posterior dorsal region, which are assumed to subserve controlled used of semantic and phonologic information, respectively (e.g., [94, 108, 109]). the precise nature of the control processes associated with these regions is currently debated, with some arguing that the left inferior frontal gyrus (lifg) mediates selection rather than retrieval [110], while others claim that both selection and retrieval are supported by the region [104]. some findings have indicated that recruitment of temporoparietal networks is also necessary for semantic control [107, 111) but that their role is distinct from those ofthe lifg networks [99]. it has been proposed, for example, that the lifg suppresses previously presented relevant semantic information, whereas the temporoparietal networks, in concert with lifg, help retrieve less dominant semantic information to match task-relevant information [112]. ventral white matter tracts connecting frontotemporal regions, especially the projections of uncinatefasciculus (uf) and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ifg), have also been reported to be involved in semantic control processes, evidenced by performance on a homonym meaning decisionmaking task [113]. ifg projections, however, have also been found to be involved in processing meaningful speech (e.g., [114, 1151) and so may not be uniquely specialized to mediate semantic control processes. other studies have demonstrated involvement ofcorticalsubcortical circuitry in mediating executive-language function dependencies (e.g., [27, 116—118]). for example, four corimageticothalamic and thalamic-cortical mechanisms have been identified as crucial "executive" supports for language functions, at least at the word level: (l) frontal cortex's selective engagement of cortical areas in an "attentive" state relevant to task performance via the nucleus reticularis, (2) transfer of information from one cortical area to another through corticothalamocortical relays, shifting attention as necessary, (3) optimizing focus on task-relevant information through imagecorticothalamocortical mechanisms of feedback to ensure, for instance, processing accuracy, and (4) word selection during the expression of a concept whereby signal-to-noise 7 ratio increases around the selected word, mediated by a basal ganglia loop [271. these mechanisms are assumed to support intentional functions, with intention referring to the ability to select and initiate an action among several competing options (as opposed to attention involving the selection of a stimulus among competing stimuli and further processing that stimulus) [27]. specifically, the neural representation of intention is thought to involve the supplementary motor area (sma), presma, rostral cingulate area, lateral frontal regions, and basal ganglia loops [119], with pre-sma, dorsal caudate nucleus, and ventral anterior thalamus mediating generation of meaningful but not nonsense words [1201, or word repetition [1211. within this architecture, the pre-sma is assumed to generate an automated word selection bias which is then maintained by the basal ganglia, affecting top-down processing during word selection [122]. 3.2. semantic control in aphasia. studies describing difficulties in semantic control among people with aphasia also provide crucial evidence for the contribution of an executive component with its specialized neural correlates to semantic processing (e.g., [97, 123, 124]). for example, researchers have compared the performance on semantic processing tasks with varying task demands between people with semantic dementia (sd) and those with stroke-based aphasia (e.g., [97, 123, 124]). both patient groups were found to perform poorly on tasks that require processing of semantic memory in tasks involving semantically related competitors but differ in their ability to control variable task demands. people with sd showed good control, resulting in item consistency across different task demands, as opposed to persons with aphasia, who performed consistently only when task demands were kept constant (e.g., [97]). disruption in the ability of persons with aphasia to manipulate semantic knowledge flexibly in the face of changing task demands was found to be eliminated when phonemic cueing was provided [123], highlighting the dissociation between impaired control abilities and preserved stored semantic knowledge. the sensitivity of persons with aphasia to executive task demands has also been demonstrated in nonverbal domains, including difficulties in nonroutine usages of everyday objects and improved performance under more structured task conditions accompanied by verbal and visual cues (e.g., [125, 126]). impaired semantic control has been observed among persons with aphasia with damage to left prefrontal cortical circuits. thompson-schill and colleagues [127], for example, reported that patients with left inferior prefrontal lesions implicating neural substrates in brodmann's ba 44, but not those with prefrontal lesions excluding these neural substrates or patients with right hemisphere damage, show very poor performance on noun selection tasks with high competing demands, arguing for a selection among competitors deficit. aphasic patients with damage to temporoparietal networks have also been shown to have difficulties with semantic control (e.g., [97, 128, 129]), although greater impairments have been observed in patients with anterior lesions [112, 130].image
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