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oto
through cooperative group play

dedahan oto
auto exposure

oto, pengurangan mata-merah
auto, red-eye reduction

stenosis saluran pendengaran luaran (eac) adalah penyempitan daging pendengaran luaran kurang daripada 4 mm [1]. ia boleh wujud sebagai anomali bebas tetapi sering dikaitkan dengan mikrotia dan sindrom lain, termasuk down's, treacher collins, dan sindrom branchio oto renal (bor). ia juga boleh menjadi fenomena yang diperolehi berikutan trauma atau radiasi. kesudahan keadaan ini boleh termasuk kehilangan pendengaran konduktif (chl), impaction cerumen, dan pembentukan cholesteatoma. kerana examinatio fizikal
eac injuries can be due to blunt trauma or penetrating injuries. road traffic accidents are the most common cause of blunt trauma. trauma is usually associated with injury to the pinna, with or without tm joint dislocation.[14] eac injuries may or may not be associated with temporal bone fractures. hrct shows the presence of high-density fluid (hematoma) in the eac, with fracture fragments [figures ​[figures5a5a and ​ande]e] and associated tm joint dislocation [figures ​[figures5b5b–d]. three-dimensional ct volume-rendered images demonstrate laceration of the pinna.