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renek
shrubs

pokok renek
shrub

tanpa campur tangan, kawasan ini telah kekal seperti yang diturun taraf dan mendominasi dengan kantan dan pokok renek, khususnya di kawasan kanopi yang sangat terbuka.
without any intervention, these area were remained as degraded and dominated with wild ginger and shrubs, in particular at very open canopy area.

withania somnifera, dikenali sebagai ashwagandha atau ceri musim sejuk,[2][3][4] ialah pokok renek malar hijau dalam keluarga solanaceae atau nightshade yang tumbuh di india, timur tengah, dan sebahagian afrika. beberapa spesies lain dalam genus withania adalah serupa secara morfologi. [3] kilang itu, terutamanya serbuk akarnya, telah digunakan selama berabad-abad dalam perubatan tradisional india. walaupun digunakan dalam herba dan dijual sebagai makanan tambahan, terdapat bukti saintifik yang tidak mencukupi bahawa ia selamat atau eff
withania somnifera, known commonly as ashwagandha or winter cherry,[2][3][4] is an evergreen shrub in the solanaceae or nightshade family that grows in india, the middle east, and parts of africa. several other species in the genus withania are morphologically similar.[3] the plant, particularly its root powder, has been used for centuries in traditional indian medicine. although used in herbalism and sold as a dietary supplement, there is insufficient scientific evidence that it is safe or effective for treating any health condition or disease.[3][4] description this species is a short shrub growing 35–75 cm (14–30 in) tall. tomentose branches extend radially from a central stem. leaves are dull green, elliptic, usually up to 10–12 cm (3.9–4.7 in) long. the flowers are small, green and bell-shaped. the ripe fruit is orange-red.[3] etymology look up ashwagandha in wiktionary, the free dictionary. the latin species name somnifera means "sleep-inducing".[5] the name "ashwagandha" is a combination of the sanskrit words 'ashva', meaning horse, and 'gandha', meaning smell, reflecting that the root has a strong horse-like odor.[3] cultivation withania somnifera is cultivated in many of the drier regions of india. it is also found in nepal, sri lanka, china,[6] and yemen.[7] it prefers dry stony soil with sun to partial shade. to propagate it can be grown from seed in the early spring, or from greenwood cuttings in the later spring.[8] diseases and pests withania somnifera is prone to several pests and diseases. leaf spot disease caused by alternaria alternata is the most prevalent disease, which occurs in a severe form in punjab, haryana, and himachal pradesh. a decline in the concentration of its secondary metabolites occurs by leaf spot disease.[9] a treehopper feeds on the apical portions of the stem, making them rough and woody in appearance and brown in colour.[citation needed] the carmine red spider mite (tetranychus urticae) is the most prevalent pest of the plant in india.[10] in recent years, this plant has been serving as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species phenacoccus solenopsis.[11] phytochemistry the main phytochemical constituents are withanolides – which are triterpene lactones – withaferin a, alkaloids, steroidal lactones, tropine, and cuscohygrine.[3] some 40 withanolides, 12 alkaloids, and numerous sitoindosides have been isolated.[3] withanolides are structurally similar to the ginsenosides of panax ginseng, leading to a common name for w. somnifera, "indian ginseng".[3] adverse effects w. somnifera may cause adverse effects if taken alone or together with prescription drugs.[3][4][12] side effects may include diarrhea, headache, sedation, or nausea, and the product should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[4][12]