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benoni urey.
benoni urey.

harold clayton urey
urey

w latach 50., miller i urey wykonali świetny eksperyment, chemiczny odpowiednik eksperymentu z frankensteinem.
so in the 1950s, miller-urey did their fantastic chemical frankenstein experiment, where they did the equivalent in the chemical world.

1901)** harold clayton urey, amerykański chemik, laureat nagrody nobla (ur.
1922)*1981 – harold urey, american chemist, nobel prize laureate (b.

1901)* 5 stycznia – harold clayton urey, amerykański chemik, noblista (ur.
1883)* january 5** harold c. urey, american chemist, nobel prize laureate (b.

== laureaci ==* 1824 charles babbage, johann franz encke* 1826 john herschel, james south, friedrich georg wilhelm struve* 1827 francis baily* 1828 thomas makdougall brisbane, james dunlop, caroline herschel* 1829 william pearson, friedrich wilhelm bessel, heinrich christian schumacher* 1830 william richardson, johann franz encke* 1831 henry kater, marie-charles damoiseau* 1833 george biddell airy* 1835 manuel j. johnson* 1836 john herschel* 1837 otto a. rosenberger* 1839 john wrottesley* 1840 giovanni plana* 1841 friedrich wilhelm bessel* 1842 peter andreas hansen* 1843 francis baily* 1845 william henry smyth* 1846 george biddell airy* 1849 william lassell* 1850 otto wilhelm von struve* 1851 annibale de gasparis* 1852 christian august friedrich peters* 1853 john russell hind* 1854 charles rümker* 1855 william rutter dawes* 1856 robert grant* 1857 heinrich schwabe* 1858 robert main* 1859 richard christopher carrington* 1860 peter andreas hansen* 1861 hermann goldschmidt* 1862 warren de la rue* 1863 friedrich wilhelm argelander* 1865 george bond* 1866 john couch adams* 1867 william huggins, william allen miller* 1868 urbain le verrier* 1869 edward james stone* 1870 charles-eugène delaunay* 1872 giovanni schiaparelli* 1874 simon newcomb* 1875 heinrich d'arrest* 1876 urbain le verrier* 1878 ercole dembowski* 1879 asaph hall* 1881 axel möller* 1882 david gill* 1883 benjamin apthorp gould* 1884 andrew ainslie common* 1885 william huggins* 1886 edward charles pickering, charles pritchard* 1887 george william hill* 1888 arthur auwers* 1889 maurice loewy* 1892 george howard darwin* 1893 hermann karl vogel* 1894 s. w. burnham* 1895 isaac roberts* 1896 seth carlo chandler* 1897 edward emerson barnard* 1898 william frederick denning* 1899 frank mcclean* 1900 henri poincaré* 1901 edward charles pickering* 1902 jacobus kapteyn* 1903 hermann von struve* 1904 george ellery hale* 1905 lewis boss* 1906 william wallace campbell* 1907 ernest william brown* 1908 david gill* 1909 oskar backlund* 1910 friedrich küstner* 1911 philip herbert cowell* 1912 arthur robert hinks* 1913 henri-alexandre deslandres* 1914 max wolf* 1915 alfred fowler* 1916 john l. e. dreyer* 1917 walter sydney adams* 1918 john evershed* 1919 guillaume bigourdan* 1921 henry norris russell* 1922 james hopwood jeans* 1923 albert a. michelson* 1924 arthur eddington* 1925 frank watson dyson* 1926 albert einstein* 1927 frank schlesinger* 1928 r. a. sampson* 1929 ejnar hertzsprung* 1930 john stanley plaskett* 1931 willem de sitter* 1932 robert grant aitken* 1933 vesto slipher* 1934 harlow shapley* 1935 edward arthur milne* 1936 hisashi kimura* 1937 harold jeffreys* 1938 william hammond wright* 1939 bernard lyot* 1940 edwin hubble* 1943 harold spencer jones* 1944 otto struve* 1945 bengt edlen* 1946 jan oort* 1947 marcel minnaert* 1948 bertil lindblad* 1949 sydney chapman* 1950 joel stebbins* 1951 anton pannekoek* 1952 john jackson* 1953 subramanyan chandrasekhar* 1954 walter baade* 1955 dirk brouwer* 1956 thomas george cowling* 1957 albrecht unsöld* 1958 andré danjon* 1959 raymond arthur lyttleton* 1960 wiktor ambarcumian* 1961 herman zanstra* 1962 bengt strömgren* 1963 harry hemley plaskett* 1964 martin ryle, maurice ewing* 1965 edward bullard, gerald maurice clemence* 1966 ira sprague bowen, harold clayton urey* 1967 hannes alfvén, allan rex sandage* 1968 fred hoyle, walter munk* 1969 a. t. price, martin schwarzschild* 1970 horace babcock* 1971 frank press, richard van der riet woolley* 1972 hal thirlaway, fritz zwicky* 1973 francis birch, edwin salpeter* 1974 ludwig biermann, keith e. bullen* 1975 jesse greenstein, ernst Öpik* 1976 william mccrea, john a. ratcliffe* 1977 david r. bates, john g. bolton* 1978 lyman spitzer, james van allen* 1979 l. knopoff, c. g. wynne* 1980 chaim l. pekeris, maarten schmidt* 1981 james f. gilbert, bernard lovell* 1982 riccardo giacconi, harrie massey* 1983 m. j. seaton, fred whipple* 1984 s. k. runcorn, yakov borisovich zel'dovich* 1985 thomas gold, stephen hawking* 1986 george e. backus, alexander dalgarno* 1987 takesi nagata, martin rees* 1988 don l. anderson, cornelis de jager* 1989 raymond hide, ken pounds* 1990 james w. dungey, bernard pagel* 1991 vitaly ginzburg, g. j. wasserburg* 1992 dan p. mckenzie, eugene n. parker* 1993 peter goldreich, donald lynden-bell* 1994 james e. gunn, thomas r. kaiser* 1995 john t. houghton, rashid sunyaev* 1996 kenneth creer, vera rubin* 1997 donald farley, donald osterbrock* 1998 robert l. parker, james peebles* 1999 k. budden, bohdan paczyński* 2000 leon lucy, robert hutchinson* 2001 hermann bondi, henry rishbeth* 2002 leon mestel, j.
==gold medal laureates==* 1824 charles babbage, johann franz encke* 1825 no award* 1826 john herschel, james south, wilhelm struve* 1827 francis baily* 1828 thomas makdougall brisbane, james dunlop, caroline herschel* 1829 william pearson, friedrich wilhelm bessel, heinrich christian schumacher* 1830 william richardson, johann franz encke* 1831 henry kater, marie-charles damoiseau* 1832 no award* 1833 george biddell airy* 1834 no award* 1835 manuel j. johnson* 1836 john herschel* 1837 otto a. rosenberger* 1838 no award* 1839 john wrottesley* 1840 giovanni plana* 1841 friedrich wilhelm bessel* 1842 peter andreas hansen* 1843 francis baily* 1844 no award* 1845 william henry smyth* 1846 george biddell airy* 1847 no award* 1848 no award - replaced by testimonial medals* 1849 william lassell* 1850 otto wilhelm struve* 1851 annibale de gasparis* 1852 christian august friedrich peters* 1853 john russell hind* 1854 charles rümker* 1855 william rutter dawes* 1856 robert grant* 1857 heinrich schwabe* 1858 robert main* 1859 richard christopher carrington* 1860 peter andreas hansen* 1861 hermann goldschmidt* 1862 warren de la rue* 1863 friedrich wilhelm argelander* 1864 no award* 1865 george phillips bond* 1866 john couch adams* 1867 william huggins, william allen miller* 1868 urbain le verrier* 1869 edward james stone* 1870 charles-eugène delaunay* 1871 no award* 1872 giovanni schiaparelli* 1873 no award* 1874 simon newcomb* 1875 heinrich d'arrest* 1876 urbain le verrier* 1877 no award* 1878 ercole dembowski* 1879 asaph hall* 1880 no award* 1881 axel möller* 1882 david gill* 1883 benjamin a. gould* 1884 andrew ainslie common* 1885 william huggins* 1886 edward charles pickering, charles pritchard* 1887 george william hill* 1888 arthur auwers* 1889 maurice loewy* 1890 no award* 1891 no award* 1892 george howard darwin* 1893 hermann carl vogel* 1894 s. w. burnham* 1895 isaac roberts* 1896 seth carlo chandler* 1897 edward emerson barnard* 1898 william frederick denning* 1899 frank mcclean* 1900 henri poincaré* 1901 edward charles pickering* 1902 jacobus kapteyn* 1903 hermann struve* 1904 george ellery hale* 1905 lewis boss* 1906 william wallace campbell* 1907 ernest william brown* 1908 david gill* 1909 oskar backlund* 1910 friedrich küstner* 1911 philip herbert cowell* 1912 arthur robert hinks* 1913 henri-alexandre deslandres* 1914 max wolf* 1915 alfred fowler* 1916 john l. e. dreyer* 1917 walter sydney adams* 1918 john evershed* 1919 guillaume bigourdan* 1920 no award* 1921 henry norris russell* 1922 james hopwood jeans* 1923 albert a. michelson* 1924 arthur eddington* 1925 frank watson dyson* 1926 albert einstein* 1927 frank schlesinger* 1928 ralph allen sampson* 1929 ejnar hertzsprung* 1930 john stanley plaskett* 1931 willem de sitter* 1932 robert grant aitken* 1933 vesto slipher* 1934 harlow shapley* 1935 e. arthur milne* 1936 hisashi kimura* 1937 harold jeffreys* 1938 william hammond wright* 1939 bernard lyot* 1940 edwin hubble* 1941 no award* 1942 no award* 1943 harold spencer jones* 1944 otto struve* 1945 bengt edlén* 1946 jan oort* 1947 marcel minnaert* 1948 bertil lindblad* 1949 sydney chapman* 1950 joel stebbins* 1951 anton pannekoek* 1952 john jackson* 1953 subrahmanyan chandrasekhar* 1954 walter baade* 1955 dirk brouwer* 1956 thomas george cowling* 1957 albrecht unsöld* 1958 andré danjon* 1959 raymond arthur lyttleton* 1960 viktor ambartsumian* 1961 herman zanstra* 1962 bengt strömgren* 1963 h. h. plaskett* 1964 martin ryle, maurice ewing* 1965 edward bullard, gerald maurice clemence* 1966 ira sprague bowen, harold clayton urey* 1967 hannes alfven, allan sandage* 1968 walter munk, fred hoyle* 1969 a. t. price, martin schwarzschild* 1970 horace w. babcock* 1971 frank press, richard van der riet woolley* 1972 h. i. s. thirlaway, fritz zwicky* 1973 francis birch, edwin salpeter* 1974 ludwig biermann, k. e. bullen* 1975 jesse greenstein, ernst Öpik* 1976 william h. mccrea, j.