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kekurangan magnesium sering diusulkan sebagai penyebab kram otot akibat olahraga, meskipun tidak ada bukti eksperimental yang mendukung hipotesis ini1. di beberapa negara, termasuk jerman, gagasan ini sangat jelas sehingga minuman olahraga yang ditujukan untuk atlet selalu ditambahkan magnesium, meskipun produk yang sama dijual di negara lain tanpa penambahan garam magnesium. kekurangan magnesium eksperimental menyebabkan berbagai gejala, tetapi ini tidak termasuk kram otot.
almost all of the iron found in the body is bound to proteins. these include heme proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes), storage and transport proteins (e.g., ferritin, hemosiderin, transferrin), iron-sulfur enzymes (e.g, flavoproteins) and other enzymes (nonheme enzymes). because iron exists in both the ferric (3) and ferrous (2) oxidation states, it can serve as a catalyst for haber-weiss reactions by receiving and donating electrons when it is in an unbound state.1 iron is stored in the body primarily in the red bone marrow, the liver and the spleen. in the liver, iron is stored in hepatocytes and reticuloendothelial cells, while in the spleen and bone marrow, iron stores are in reticuloendothelial cells. most of the iron is stored as the iron-containing proteins ferritin and hemosiderin. men normally have greater iron stores (1000 mg) than women (300 mg).2 two thirds of the body’s iron is incorporated in the heme group of the hemoglobin molecules found inside erythrocytes. each hemoglobin molecule contains four heme groups with an iron atom in its center. the number of hemoglobin molecules found in each erythrocyte is about 250,000. one oxygen molecule can reversibly bind to each iron atom. therefore, each erythrocyte may carry up to 1 million oxygen molecules in the arterial blood. because the average man has a greater hemoglobin concentration (144–154 g per liter of blood) than the average woman (132–135 g/l),1 men have a greater capacity to carry oxygen in the blood than women. small amounts of iron are found inside all cells in the cytochrome proteins and in muscle fibers as part of the myoglobin protein. myoglobin assists the transfer of oxygen through muscle cells to the mitochondria, while the cytochromes are involved in the transfer of electrons in the electron transport system. the end result of this electron transport, called oxidative phosphorylation, is the resynthesis of atp molecules and the formation of water. included among the many iron containing enzymes are aconitase, nadh dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase found in the mitochondria and the heme-containing enzymes lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase, catalase and peroxidase that protect against peroxidation. enzymes containing iron make up approximately 3% of the total body iron.